Week 2

SAT: Superficial Adipose Tissue

DAT: Deep adipose tissue

Musculoskeletal system inconveniently leaves out Fascia.

Fascia weaves all the bones and muscles together, and is a whole body communicative system

Subcutis: Superficial fascia in between layers of adipose. Uniformly structures. Features differ by body region - SAT/DAT

Fibrous Septa: Retinaculum cutis superficialis (skin ligaments) - run perpendicular in SAT, connects superficial fascia of skin

Retinaculum cutis profoundus: Deep, run oblique in DAT. Connect deep as is to superficial fascia. Septa+ Fascia connect skin to deep muscles

Superficial adipose tissue - Fat content. Organized in single or multiple layers depending on person in SAT.

Superficial Fascia - Body and thickness varies by body region and surface as well as gender. More elastic in younger.

Ptosis: when upper eyelid droops

Deep adipose tissue: relatively loose. Runs diagonally. Allows superficial and deep fascia to slide along each other. Creates adhesions (like in abs) ie Longitudinal adhesion. Transverse adhesions- along ribs, occipital protuberance.

Subcutaneous Bursa: usually found in DAT, superficial fascia, between skin and superficial fascia. Formed for fusion of superficial and deep fascia. Fluid filled sacs designed to reduce friction of sliding/ gliding tissues

There will be questions about superficial fascia

Scar Tissue - Disruption of the subcutis Layer (SAT, SF, DAT)

Deep fascia: refers to well organized, dense, fibrous layers that help muscles move. Highly vascularized and contains well developed lymphatic Chanel’s. Contains free encapsulated nerve endings

Hyaluronan in Deep Fascia and Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

Deep fascia is separated into Aponeurotic and Epimysial Fascia

Aponeurotic is well defined fibrous sheathes that cover and keep muscle in place. Separate from the underlying muscles. Attached to muscles by Myofascial expansions. Formed mostly of Collagen Type 1 fibers. Dominant cells are fibroblasts (release collagen)

Epimysial is specific to each muscle defining their form and volume. It is thinner. Surrounds muscles (like candy wrapper). Much more elastic. Direct attachment to adjoining muscle fibers

Biomechanical behavior of Aponeurotic Fascia: lack of elastin fibers (less than 1%) - more stiff. Strength dependent on loading direction. Also dependent on the muscle mass and max contraction forced

Retinacula: Bands of multiple layers of parallel collagen fibers that assist in stabilizing tendons (not actually a part of the tendon tough). Although usually noticed around ankles and wrists, they are around EVERY joint. Highly innervated. Can sense bone movement and muscular contractions (Proprioception).

Proprioception: allows brain to know where the body parts are in space without physically seeing them.

Epimysial has three superimposed layers- Internal (collagen arranged in disorganized manner), Middle layer (Thin intertwined layer of collagen fibers forming framework), External layer (Large diameter Collagen fibers forming flattened bands following specific directions).

Perimysium: around a bundle of muscle fibers

Endomysium: around a single muscle fiber

Anatomy Trains: a systematic approach to understanding how to map the muscles and their functions into functional complexes to better understand how the body all connects.