ALH Chapter2 SLIDE

Chapter 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

Structural Organization of the Body

  • Cells

  • Tissues

  • Organs

  • Systems

Major Parts of a Cell

  • Chromosomes

  • Nucleus

  • Cell membrane

  • Cytoplasm

  • Mitochondria

  • Endoplasmic reticulum

Cell Functions

  • Cells are specialized to carry out individual functions:

    • Epithelial Cell

    • Fat Cell

    • Nerve Cell

    • Muscle Cell

Tissue Types

  • Epithelial Tissue: Forms linings of internal organs and outer surface of skin.

  • Muscle Tissue:

    • Voluntary muscle: Found in arms and legs (conscious control).

    • Involuntary muscle: Found in heart and digestive system (unconscious).

  • Connective Tissue: Examples include fat and cartilage.

  • Nerve Tissue: Conducts impulses throughout the body.

Organs and Systems

  • Organs consist of different types of tissues.

  • Systems are groups of organs working together to perform complex functions:

    • Endocrine: Thyroid gland, pituitary gland.

    • Urinary: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

    • Skin and Sense Organs: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands.

Body Cavities and Organs

  • Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain.

  • Thoracic Cavity: Contains lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta.

  • Abdominal Cavity: Contains stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, gall bladder.

  • Pelvic Cavity: Contains portions of small and large intestines, bladder, rectum, urethra; uterus and vagina in females.

  • Spinal Cavity: Contains nerves of the spinal cord.

Quick Quiz Questions

  1. Which body cavity contains the pleural cavity and mediastinum? (D. Thoracic)

  2. Which body cavity contains the peritoneum? (A. Abdominal)

Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants

Regions

  • Right hypochondriac region

  • Left hypochondriac region

  • Epigastric region

  • Right lumbar region

  • Left lumbar region

  • Umbilical region

  • Right inguinal region

  • Left inguinal region

  • Hypogastric region

Quadrants

  • Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

  • Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

  • Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

  • Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Organ Location in Quadrants

  • RUQ: Liver (right lobe), gall bladder, pancreas (part), intestines.

  • LUQ: Liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, pancreas (part), intestines.

  • RLQ: Intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter.

  • LLQ: Intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter.

Anatomical Divisions of the Back

  • Cervical (7 - neck region)

  • Thoracic (12 - chest region)

  • Lumbar (5 - waist region)

  • Sacral (5 fused bones)

  • Coccygeal (tailbone - 4 fused pieces)

Quick Quiz

  1. What is a disk? (A small pad of cartilage between the vertebrae.)

Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body

Positional and Directional Terms

  • Anterior (ventral)

  • Posterior (dorsal)

  • Deep

  • Superficial

  • Proximal

  • Distal

  • Inferior

  • Superior

  • Medial

  • Lateral

  • Supine

  • Prone

Planes of the Body

  • Frontal (coronal): Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

  • Sagittal (lateral): Divides the body into right and left sides.

  • Transverse (cross-sectional): Runs across the body parallel to the ground.

Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes

Common Combining Forms

  • abdomin/o: abdomen

  • adip/o: fat

  • anter/o: front

  • bol/o: to cast (throw)

  • cervic/o: neck (of the body or uterus)

  • chondr/o: cartilage

  • chrom/o: color

  • coccyg/o: coccyx (tailbone)

  • dist/o: far, distant

  • dors/o: back portion of the body

Common Suffixes

  • -eal: pertaining to

  • -iac: pertaining to

  • -ior: pertaining to

  • -ism: process, condition

  • -ose: pertaining to, full of

  • -type: picture, classification

Directional Terms Definitions

  • Anterior (Ventral): Pertaining to the front of the body.

  • Posterior (Dorsal): Pertaining to the back of the body.

  • Deep: Further away from the surface of the body.

  • Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body.

  • Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment or origin of a limb.

  • Distal: Further away from the point of attachment or origin of a limb.

  • Inferior: Located below, or towards the feet.

  • Superior: Located above, or towards the head.

  • Medial: Closer to the midline of the body.

  • Lateral: Further away from the midline of the body.

  • Supine: Lying on the back.

  • Prone: Lying on the stomach.