SCI03 Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Course Outcome 6 Notes

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

General Objectives

• Assess the practices of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO) and Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee (BDRRMC).

• Recommend practices to the BDRRMC in response to hazards in the community.

Emergency Management

• An approach in managing the impacts of disasters or losses caused by hazards.

• Prevailed in the 1940s to 1960s to ease sufferings brought about by disasters, wars, and other emergency situations.

Disaster Preparedness

• Refers to an improvement of the emergency management concept where people, communities, and government must prepare for an incoming hazard to safeguard the lives and assets of at-risk people and communities from an imminent threat or disaster (as supported by Presidential Decree No. 1566).

Vulnerability & Exposure

• Due to improper urban planning, the poor had less capacity to prepare compared to the rich based on socio-economic conditions.

Disaster Management Cycle

• Mitigation: Before Event

• Response: During Event

• Recovery: After Event

Disaster Risk

• Refers to the probability of injury, loss of life, damage to property, disruption of services and activities, and negative environmental effects.

Disaster Risk Reduction

• It is the application of disaster risk reduction policies and strategies to prevent new disaster risk, reduce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk, contributing to the strengthening of resilience and reduction of disaster losses.

Disaster Risk Reduction Cycle

• Risk Reduction

• Mitigation

• Preparation

• Response

• Recovery

• DEVELOPMENT

Disaster Risk Reduction Formula

• Risk = Hazard \times Vulnerability

• Risk = \frac{Hazard \times Exposure \times Vulnerability}{Coping \space Capacity}

Natural Disaster vs. Natural Hazards

• A hazard only becomes a disaster because of misinformation and lack of preparation.

• Disasters are the results of our own negligence.

Importance of Disaster Risk Reduction

Disaster Response vs. Disaster Risk Reduction Management

• Focusing on the mitigation efforts rather than being focused on the response phase alone.

• Transforming and reforming the way people deal with disasters.

Aspects of Disaster Risk Management

• Education: Educating the people about the hazards they face and the risk they will experience when exposed to these hazards.

• Relocation: Relocation of people living in hazard-prone areas.

• No Build-Zones: No build-zones should be strictly followed by all sectors of society.

• Collaboration with the Scientific Community:

  • This will reduce the amount of money and resources wasted.

  • Citizens are more prepared and more resilient with the help of scientific knowledge.

Disaster Risk Reduction is a Product of Choices

• Where we build houses

• What we do with the environment

• How we grow food

• How the government responds and reacts to disasters

• How educated is the public about the risks

• What we teach to our children at school

Key Principles of Disaster Risk Reduction

Key Principles of Disaster Risk Management

• Disaster Risk Reduction

  • Prevention

  • Mitigation

  • Adaptation

  • Preparedness

• Disaster Management

  • Relief

  • Recovery

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

• The Philippines' National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) is guided by good governance principles within the context of poverty alleviation and environmental protection.

Key Principles of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

• Ensures that there is a safety net from natural and human-made disasters. The DRRM plan should prioritize two things:

  • The protection of the people who are most at risk

  • Protection of the systems and resources that a community depends on

• Foster a culture of prevention

• DRRM plan should become an integral part of any development policies

• Assistance given to disaster areas or victims must be equal, consistent, and in a predictable manner. This is regardless of geographical location, industry, or economic circumstances

• The DRRM plan must ensure the involvement of the community. They should be knowledgeable about their roles and responsibilities in reducing the risks of disasters.

• Disaster risk reduction should be inculcated and enforced from the national government down to the local government units.

• It should be compulsory at all levels of the government.

• Decisions done on DRRM must be transparent to everyone concerned and involved.

• The disaster risk plan must be adapted to the conditions prevailing in the local community.

• Stakeholders must recognize a disaster risk reduction implementing entity.

• A DRRM plan must be made flexible and adaptable. It should be able to adapt to changes brought about by industrialization, development, influx of population, housing, or land reform.

• A DRRM plan must be results-driven.

• A "ningas-kugon" attitude does not have a place in disaster management.

• A proper DRRM plan should be well-funded.

• In a country like the Philippines, the DRRM plan must be prioritized.

• The DRRM plan should have a multidisciplinary approach. It must include considerations for the environment, human settlement, human behavior, health, and public administration.

Community-Based DRRM

• It refers to the range of actions or activities geared towards preparedness, mitigation, and enhancing response capabilities that are developed by the communities themselves.

• It aims to transform passivity and powerlessness into action and resilience.

• It provides opportunities for the community to evaluate their own situations based on their own experiences.

A Well-Developed Community-Based DRRM Includes:

• An understanding of the real -life situation of the community.

• A community that participates in disaster risk assessment.

• A community that participates in the actual DRRM planning.

• A community that is able to manage the implementation of the DRRM plan.

• A community that can manage the implementation of the DRRM plan.

• A community that is vigilant in the monitoring and evaluation of the DRRM plan.

Process of Community-Based DRRM

• Site selection, community entry, and integration.

• Enhanced social investigation through participatory hazard, vulnerability, and capacity analysis.

• Leadership development and organization building.

• Mainstreaming CBDRM in development planning

• Disaster risk-sensitive community planning

• Mobilization, networking, and advocacy

• Evaluation, phasing out, and follow up

International Agreements

• Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 (HFA)

• Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 -2030 (Sendai Framework)

• ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER)

Hyogo Framework for Action

• The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was the global blueprint for disaster risk reduction efforts between 2005 and 2015.

• The HFA was adopted in 2005 at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction held in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.

• It’s goal was to substantially reduce disaster losses by 2015 - in lives, and in the social, economic, and environmental assets of communities and countries.

5 Priorities for Action of the HFA

• Ensure that disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation

• Identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning

• Use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels

• Reduce the underlying risk factors

• Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels

Sendai Framework

• Endorsed at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held from 14 to 18 March 2015 in Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

• Followed the previous disaster risk reduction plan, HFA

• HFA was adopted by 168 countries, including the Philippines, during the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held from January 18 to 22, 2005 in Kobe, Hyogo prefecture, Japan.

Sendai Framework's Seven Global Targets

• Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower average per 100,000 global mortality

• Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower the average global figure per 100,000

• Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP)

• Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience

• Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies

• Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of this framework

• Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to people

Sendai Framework's Four Priorities for Action

• Understanding disaster risk

• Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk

• Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience

• Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to 'build back better' in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction

ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER)

• A binding agreement formed between 10 countries (ASEAN members) namely Brunei, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, and Malaysia

• Its goal is to provide effective mechanisms for reduction of disaster losses and to jointly respond to disaster emergencies

AADMER Five Priority Programmes

• Risk Assessment and Monitoring

• Prevention and Mitigation

• Preparedness and Response

• Resilient Recovery

• Global Leadership

• The AHA Centre plays a significant role as the 'operational engine' of the AADMER.

Definition of Terms

Law

• A Law is a set of rules or conduct established by the government for all members of society to obey and follow.

Republic Act

• A Republic Act is a piece of legislation used to create policy in order to carry out the principles of the Constitution. It is crafted and passed by the Congress of the Philippines and approved by the President of the Philippines.

RA 10121: Philippine DRRM Act of 2010

• Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010

  • Replaced the almost 3-decade-old Presidential Decree 1566 of 1978

  • Signed on May 27, 2010

  • Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) drafted and approved on September 27, 2010.

• Aims to strengthen the Philippines' DRRM System

• Provide the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework

• Institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan

• Appropriate funds

Paradigm Shift vs PD 1566

• RA 10121 shifts from:

  • TOP-DOWN CENTRALIZED DISASTER MANAGEMENT to BOTTOM-UP AND PARTICIPATORY DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

  • DISASTERS AS MERELY A FUNCTION OF PHYSICAL HAZARDS to DISASTERS MAINLY A REFLECTION OF PEOPLE’S VULNERABILITY

  • FOCUS ON DISASTER RESPONSE AND ANTICIPATION to INTEGRATED APPROACH to genuine social and human development to reduce disaster risk

Summary of the Law

• I. Declaration of the Policy and Definition of Terms (Sections 2 and 3)

• II. Declaration of Scope (Section 4)

• III. Creation of Institutions:

• IV. Education and Training in DRR (Section 14)

• V. Operational Procedures

• VI. Prohibited acts as Penal Clause (Sections 19, 20)

Declaration of Scope

• This Act provides for the development policies and plans and the implementation of actions and measures pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management, including good governance, risk assessment and early warning, knowledge building and awareness-raising, reduction of underlying risk factors, and preparedness for effective response and early recovery.

Creation of Institutions

• A. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (Sections 5, 6, 7)

• B. Office of the Civil Defense (OCD)

• C. Regional and Local DRRM Organization Sectors

• D. Mechanism for Disaster Volunteers (Section 13)

Operational Procedures

• A. Coordination during emergencies (Section 15)

• B. Declaration of State of Calamity (Section 16)

• C. Remedial Measures (Section 17)

• D. Humanitarian Assistance (Section 18)

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP)

• The NDRRMP consists of four thematic areas, namely:

  • 1. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

  • 2. Disaster Preparedness

  • 3. Disaster Response

  • 4. Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

• The four areas correspond to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) structure.

• The goals of the NDRRMP are envisioned to be achieved by 2028 through 14 objectives, 24 outcomes, 56 outputs, and 93 activities as its indicators.

• The plan aims to coincide with the completion of the National Climate Change Action Plan.

Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Organizational Network

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)

Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (RDRRMC)

Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (PDRRMC)

City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (CDRRMC)

Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (MDRRMC)

• Collectively, these councils are known as the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (LDRRMCs)

Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committees

• Members of the National Council:

  • 14 LINE DEPARTMENTS

    • DOH

    • DENR

    • DA

    • DEPED

    • DOE

    • DOF

    • DTI

    • DOTC

    • DBM

    • DPWH

    • DFA

    • DOJ

    • DOLE

    • DOT

  • 12 GOV'T AGENCIES

    • EXEC SEC.

    • OPAPP

    • GSIS

    • SSS

    • PNRC

    • CHED

    • AFP

    • PNP

    • NAT'L PRESS SEC.

    • NAPCVDC

    • National Commission on Role of Filipino Women

    • HUDCC

  • 2 GFIs

    • Climate Change Commission

    • PhilHealth

  • 1 QUASI-GOVT AGENCY

    • ULAP

  • 5 LGU LEAGUES

    • LPP

    • LCP

    • LMP

    • LMB

  • 4 CIVIL SOCIETY ORGS

  • 1 PRIVATE ORG

    • OCD EXEC ADMIN WITH RANK OF UNDER-SECRETARY

• The representatives from the CSOs and the private sector shall be selected from among their respective ranks based on the criteria and mechanisms to be set for this purpose by the National Council.

• Chairperson: Department of National Defense (DND) Secretary

• VC for Disaster Preparedness: Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Secretary

• VC for Disaster Response: Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) Secretary

• VC for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation: Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Secretary

• VC for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery: National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Director-General

Abbreviations

• DOH - Department of Health

• DENR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources

• DA - Department of Agriculture

• DepED - Department of Education

• DOE - Department of Energy

• DOF - Department of Finance

• DTI - Department of Trade and Industry

• DOTC - Department of Transport and Communications

• DBM - Department of Budget and Management

• DPWH - Department of Public Works and Highways

• DFA - Department of Foreign Affairs

• DOJ - Department of Justice

• DOLE - Department of Labor and Employment

• DOT - Department of Tourism

• GFIs - Government of Financial Institutions

• LGU - Local Government Unit

• VC - Vice-Chair

• OPAPP - Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process

• CHED - Commission on Higher Education

• AFP - Armed Forces of the Philippines

• PNP - Philippine National Police

• NAPVCDC - National Anti-Poverty Commission - Victims of Disasters and Calamities

• HUDCC - Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council

• OCD - Office of Civil Defense

• PhilHealth - Philippine Health Insurance Corporation

• GSIS - Government Service Insurance System

• SSS - Social Security System

• PNRC - Philippine National Red Cross

• ULAP - Union of Local Authorities in the Philippines

• LPP - League of Provinces of the Philippines

• LCP - League of Cities of the Philippines

• LMP - League of Municipalities of the Philippines

• LMB - Liga ng mga Barangay

Functions of the NDRRMC

• Develop an NDRRM Framework (NDRRMF) which shall provide for a comprehensive, all-hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency, and community-based approach to disaster risk reduction and management.

• The framework shall serve as the principal guide to disaster risk reduction and management efforts in the country and shall be reviewed on a five (5)-year interval, or as may be deemed necessary, in order to ensure its relevance to the times.

• Ensure that the NDRRM Plan (NDRRMP) is consistent with the NDRRMF.

• Advise the President on the status of disaster preparedness, prevention, mitigation, response, and rehabilitation operations being undertaken by the government, CSOs, private sector, and volunteers recommend to the President the declaration of a state of calamity in areas extensively damaged; and submit proposals to restore normalcy in the affected areas

• Ensure a multi-stakeholder participation in the development, updating, and sharing of a Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Information System and Geographic Information System-based national risk map as policy, planning, and decision-making tools.

• Establish a national early warning and emergency alert system to provide accurate and timely advice to national or local emergency response organizations and the general public through diverse mass media, including digital and analog broadcast, cable, satellite television and radio, wireless communications, and landline communications.

• Develop appropriate risk transfer mechanisms that shall guarantee social and economic protection and increase resiliency in the face of disaster.

• Monitor the development and enforcement by agencies and organizations of the various laws, guidelines, codes, or technical standards required by this Act.

Functions of the RDRRMC

• Coordinate, integrate, supervise, and evaluate the activities of the local disaster risk reduction and management councils.

• Responsible in ensuring disaster- sensitive regional development plans, and in case of emergencies shall convene the different regional line agencies and concerned institutions and authorities.

• Establish an operating facility to be known as the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center (RDRRMC) whenever necessary.

Functions of the LDRRMC

• Approve, monitor, and evaluate the implementation of the LDRRMPs and regularly review and test the plan consistent with other national and local planning programs.

• Ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into local development plans, programs, and budgets as a strategy in sustainable development and poverty reduction.

• Recommend the implementation of forced or preemptive evacuation of local residents, if necessary.

• Convene the local council once every three (3) months or as necessary.

Disaster Volunteers

• Mobilization of volunteers may be undertaken by government agencies, civil service organizations, the private sector, and local government units.

• Enhancement, welfare, and protection of the volunteers will be the responsibility of the agencies, civil service organizations, private sector, or local government unit which assembled them.

• Accreditation and inclusion in the database of community disaster volunteers are done at the municipal or city level.

• Volunteers will follow guidelines set by the NDRRMC.

• Volunteers are entitled to compensatory benefits and insurance under the guidelines.

Education and Training

• DRR education is integrated into the school curricula of secondary and tertiary level of education including formal and non-formal, technical- vocational, indigenous learning, and out-of-school youth courses and programs.

• SK councils together with the DRRMCs shall encourage the youth to participate in DRRM activities, e.g. quick response groups. DRRM shall be part of SK programs and projects.

• Mandatory training of public sector employees in emergency response and preparedness shall be undertaken.

Coordination During Emergencies

• LDRRMC's shall take the lead in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the effects of any disaster.

  • BDC, if barangay is affected.

  • City/municipal DRRMC, if two or more barangays are affected.

  • Provincial DRRMC, if two or more cities/municipalities are affected.

  • Regional DRRMC, if two or more provinces are affected.

  • NDRRMC, if two or more regions are affected.

• NDRRMC and LDRRMCs support LGUs which have primary responsibility as first disaster responders.

State of Calamity

• National Council shall recommend to the President of the Philippines the declaration and lifting of the state of calamity in an area.

• Scope of state of calamity can be a cluster of barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, and regions.

• International humanitarian assistance may be necessary.

• Local sanggunian may also declare and lift the state of calamity upon the recommendation of the LDRRMC.

Remedial Measures

• Mandatory immediate undertaking of the measures when state of calamity is declared

• Imposition of price ceiling on basic necessities and prime commodities by the President upon the recommendation of the implementing agency.

• Monitoring, prevention, and control by the Local Price Coordination Council of overpricing/profiteering and hoarding of prime commodities, medicines, and petroleum products.

• Programming/reprogramming of funds for the repair and safety upgrading of public infrastructures and facilities.

• Granting of no-interest loans by government financing or lending institutions to the most affected section of the population through their cooperatives or people's organizations

International Humanitarian Assistance

• Importation and donation of food, clothing, medicine, and equipment for relief and recovery and other disaster management and recovery -related supplies.

• Importation and donations shall be considered as importation and/or donation to the NDRRMC, subject to the approval of the Office of the President.

Prohibited Acts in RA 10121

• Dereliction of duties which leads to destruction, loss of lives, critical damage of facilities, and misuse of funds.

• Preventing the entry and distribution of relief goods in disaster-stricken areas, including appropriate technology tools, equipment, accessories, disaster teams/ experts.

• Buying, for consumption or resale, from disaster relief agencies any relief goods, equipment or other and commodities which are intended for distribution to disaster-affected communities.

• Selling of relief goods, equipment, or other aid commodities which are intended for distribution to disaster victims.

• Forcibly seizing relief goods, equipment, or other aid commodities intended for or consigned to a specific group of victims or relief agencies.

• Diverting or misdelivery of relief goods, equipment, or other aid commodities to persons other than the rightful recipient or consignee.

• Accepting, possessing, using, or disposing of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities not intended for nor consigned to him/her.

• Misrepresenting the source of relief goods, equipment, or other aid commodities by:

  • 1. Either covering, replacing, or defacing the labels of the containers to make it appear that the goods, equipment, or other aid commodities came from another agency or persons.

  • 2. Repacking the goods, equipment, or other aid commodities into containers with different markings to make it appear that the goods came from another agency or persons or were released upon the instance of a particular agency or persons.

  • 3. Making false verbal claims that the goods, equipment, or other commodity are untampered original containers actually came from another agency or persons or was released upon the instance of a particular agency or persons.

• Substituting or replacing relief goods, equipment, or other aid commodities with the same items or inferior/cheaper quality.

• Illegal solicitations by persons or organizations representing others as defined in the standards and guidelines set by the NDRRMC.

• Deliberate use of false and inflated data in support of the request for funding, relief goods, equipment, or other aid commodities for emergency assistance or livelihood projects.

• Tampering with or stealing hazard monitoring and disaster preparedness equipment and paraphernalia.

Funding in RA 10121

LDRRM Fund

• Not less than 5% of estimated revenue from regular sources shall be set aside to support disaster risk management activities such as, but not limited to, pre-disaster preparedness programs (training, purchasing life-saving rescue equipment, supplies, and medicines) and post-disaster activities (e.g. payment of premiums on calamity insurance).

• LDRRMC shall monitor and evaluate the use and disbursement of the LDRRMF.

• LDRRMC may transfer the said fund to support disaster risk reduction work of other LDRRMCs which are declared under state of calamity upon the recommendation of the LDRRMO and approval of sanggunian concerned.

• Thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as a Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and recovery programs so that situation and living conditions of people in communities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible.

NDRRM Fund

• NDRRM Fund shall be used for disaster risk reduction or mitigation, prevention, and preparedness activities such as but not limited to training of personnel, procurement of equipment, and capital expenditures. It can also be utilized for relief, recovery, reconstruction, and other work or services in connection with natural or human-induced calamities which may occur during the budget year or those that occurred in the past two (2) years from the budget year.

• The specific amount of the NDRRM Fund and the appropriate recipient agencies and/or LGUs shall be determined upon approval of the President of the Philippines in accordance with the favorable recommendation of the NDRRMC.

• Of the amount appropriated for the NDRRM Fund, thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as a Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and recovery programs in order that situation and living conditions of people in communities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible.

• All departments/agencies and LGUs that are allocated with DRRM funds shall submit to the NDRRMC their monthly statements on the utilization of DRRM funds and make an accounting thereof in accordance with existing accounting and auditing rules.

• All departments, bureaus, offices, and agencies of the government are hereby authorized to use a portion of their appropriations to implement projects designed to address DRRM activities in accordance with the guidelines to be issued by the NDRRMC in coordination with the DBM.

Funding of the Office of Civil Defense (OCD)

• OCD shall be allocated a budget of one billion pesos (Php \space 1,000,000,000.00) revolving fund.