CONJUNCTIONS PREPOSITIONS INTERJECTIONS ARTICLES PHRASES

Coordinating Conjunctions: Link elements of the same grammatical status.
- Examples: and, but, or, yet.
- Usage:
  - English and mathematics are compulsory subjects for all students.
  - I was furious, but I didn’t utter a word.
Correlative Conjunctions: Appear in pairs.
- Examples: neither…nor, either…or, not only…but, both…and.
- Usage:
  - It is either you leave or I leave.
  - Both lecturers and students are major stakeholders in a university.
Subordinating Conjunctions: Link main clauses to subordinate clauses, often acting as adverbs.
- Examples: after, although, as long as, before, unless.
- Usage:
  - They were punished so that others would learn.
  - He emerged the best graduating student because he was always serious.
Semi-coordinating Conjunctions: Not actual conjunctions but used for linking.
- Examples: along with, as well as, rather than, as much as.
- Usage:
  - The man came yesterday along with his wife.

Definition: Words that show the relationship between nouns or pronouns or between a noun and a verb.
Examples: at, by, under, on, across, over.

Simple Prepositions:
- Defined by single words.
- Examples: on, at, across, over.
- Sub-categories:
  - Prepositions of Time: for, since, at, in, on.
  - Prepositions of Place/Directions: in, at, under, between.
  - Prepositions of Position: under, over, beneath.
  - Prepositions Indicating Means: by, with, on.
    - Example: Martha travelled by road to Lagos.
Complex Prepositions: Composed of more than one word.
Compound Prepositions: Two prepositions functioning as a single preposition.
- Examples: into, out of, up to.
Phrasal Prepositions: Phrases beginning and/or ending with prepositions.

Definition: Words expressing sudden or unexpected emotions or feelings, often standing alone.
Characteristics: Not grammatically related to the sentence.
Examples: oh!, ouch!, hurray!, alas!
Usage: Often followed by exclamation marks.
- Example: Ouch! You slapped me.

Definition: Words used to pre-qualify nouns, behaving like adjectives but classified separately.
Types:
- Definite Article: The specific article 'the'.
  - Examples: The girl is leaving.
  - Special features: not used with proper nouns or names of games.
- Indefinite Articles: 'a' and 'an', referring to non-specific nouns.
- Usage rules:
  - 'a' precedes consonant sounds (e.g., boy, class).
  - 'an' precedes vowel sounds (e.g., egg, honor).

Definition: Groups of related words without a subject and a finite verb, lacking complete meaning.
Examples: the man, the lady in the kitchen, very soon.

Noun Phrases: Focus on nouns and include determiners or adjectives.
- Examples: the man, several intelligent students.
Verb Phrases: Consist of a main verb and auxiliary verbs.
- Examples: shall have eaten, has been travelling.
Adverbial Phrases: Modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.
- Examples: early the next day, much more.
Adjectival Phrases: Qualify nouns and act as head words of noun phrases.
Prepositional Phrases: Begin with prepositions, followed by noun phrases.
Infinitive Phrases: Start with "to" + verb.
Participial Phrases: Begin with a verb ending in -ing or -ed.
Gerundial Phrases: Begin with gerunds (words ending in -ing, functioning as nouns).

Phrasal Prepositions: These are phrases that begin and/or end with a preposition and function as a single preposition in a sentence.

Examples of Phrasal Prepositions: