Study Notes on Psychological Disorders

Deviant: Refers to behaviors or thoughts that are different, extreme, unusual, or bizarre.
Distressing: Experiences that are unpleasant and upsetting for individuals.
Dysfunctional: Behaviors or thoughts that interfere with daily activities.
Dangerous: A term indicating risk posed to oneself or others.

Deviation from Social Norms: This concept evaluates abnormal behavior in the context of societal expectations, where actions such as those of terrorists or extreme behaviors seen in Amazon tribes are considered deviant.
Maladaptive Behavior: Engaging in actions that are detrimental to oneself or others, lacking the ability to adapt positively to environments or situations.

Supernatural & Magical Forces: Early beliefs held that mental illness was due to external supernatural forces.
Biological or Organic Approach: Identifies that psychological issues arise from physical causes.
Psychological Approach: Focuses on internal psychological processes rather than physical causes.
Organismic Approach: Notable early thinkers include:
- Hippocrates, Socrates, and Plato: Discussed the conflict between emotion and reason.
- Galen: Proposed the Four Elements and their corresponding bodily fluids (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm).
- Ayurveda & Atharva Veda: Introduced the three doshas: vatta, pitta, and kapha.
Middle Ages: Dominated by theories of demonology and superstition, highlighted by St. Augustine's contributions.
Renaissance Period: Notable figures like Johann Weyer emphasized psychological conflicts and disturbed relationships.
Age of Reason & Enlightenment: Marked by a move towards rational thought in understanding mental health.
Bio-Psycho-Social Approach: A modern perspective integrating biological, psychological, and social factors.

DSM-5 (Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders): A comprehensive manual that categorizes mental disorders.
ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases): A global standard for diagnosing diseases, including mental disorders.

Biological Factors: Includes faulty genes, endocrine imbalances, malnutrition, and injuries.
- Abnormal neurotransmitter levels, e.g., low GABA associated with anxiety, excess dopamine associated with schizophrenia, low serotonin linked to depression.
Genetic Factors: Conditions such as Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Intellectual Disability have significant genetic predispositions.
Psychological Models:
- Psychodynamic Model (Freud): Focuses on internal psychic forces:
  - Ego: Concerned with rational thinking and conscious decisions.
  - Superego: Involves moral standards and the morality principle.
- Behavioral Model: Suggests that abnormal behavior is learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning.
- Cognitive Model: Focuses on distorted or maladaptive thinking patterns that affect behavior.
- Humanistic-Existential Model: Emphasizes positive growth, social connections, and an understanding collaborative dynamic.
Socio-Cultural Model: Considers psychological disorders a result of war & violence, group prejudice & discrimination, and economic and social changes.

, frequent urination, and tremors.
Types of Anxiety Disorders:
- Panic Disorder: Characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks.
- Phobias: Include specific phobias, social phobias, and agoraphobia.
- Separation Anxiety Disorder: Incessant fear or anxiety about separation from attachment figures.

Obsessive Behavior: Inability to control intrusive thoughts that are upsetting or shameful.
Compulsive Behavior: The need to perform repetitive behaviors to relieve the distress from obsessions.
Types of OCD:
- Hoarding Disorder: Involves the accumulation of possessions.
- Trichotillomania: Compulsive hair-pulling disorder.
- Excoriation: Skin-picking disorder.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Emotional response after a traumatic event.

Definition: Physical symptoms occur without a physical disease.
Types of Somatic Disorders:
- Somatic Symptom Disorder: One or more symptoms causing significant distress.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder: Occupation with having a serious medical condition.
- Conversion Disorder: Neurological symptoms without a neurological condition.

Definition: Severance of connections between thoughts and feelings.
Types of Dissociative Disorders:
- Dissociative Amnesia: Selective memory loss, sometimes accompanied by fugue behavior.
- Dissociative Identity Disorder: Formerly known as multiple personality disorder.
- Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: Detachment from self or reality.

Definition: A persistent period of depressed mood with loss of interest in most activities.
Symptoms: Body weight changes, sleep disturbances, fatigue, difficulty in concentration, agitation, thoughts of death, excessive guilt or worthlessness.
Factors Contributing to Depression:
1. Genetic predispositions
2. Age: Women in young adulthood, men in middle age are more prone.
3. Gender differences in prevalence.
4. Negative life events and lack of social support.

Bipolar I: Characterized by manic and depressive episodes.
Bipolar II: Features hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.
Cyclothymic Disorder: Chronic fluctuating mood disturbance involving numerous episodes of hypomania and depressive symptoms.

Positive Symptoms: Excess of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors including:
- Delusions: False beliefs such as persecution or grandeur.
- Disorganized Thinking: Jumping between topics (derailment) and neologisms.
- Hallucinations: Can include auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, somatic, and tactile hallucinations.
Negative Symptoms: Lack of emotional expression, poverty of speech (alogia), blunted and flat affect, avolition (lack of motivation).
Psychomotor Symptoms: Includes catatonia, catatonic stupor, rigidity, and posturing.

ADHD: Characterized by inattention and hyperactivity.
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Challenges with social interaction and repetitive behaviors.
Intellectual Disability: Below-average cognitive ability with limitations in adaptive functioning.
Specific Learning Disorders: Difficulty in specific academic skills.
Aggression Types:
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative behavior.
- Conduct Disorder: Involves a pattern of behavior violating societal norms.

Anorexia Nervosa: Characterized by restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight.
Bulimia Nervosa: Recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors.
Binge Eating Disorder: Involves recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food.

Alcoholism: Leads to big impairment socially and occupationally, tolerance, physical health issues, and affects societal reaction.
Opioids (e.g., Heroin): High potential for dependence and overdose risk.
Cocaine: Impairs cognitive function and social relationships, leading to dependence.

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