Untitled

Diet and Nutrition

• Balanced Diet: Proportions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water, and dietary fiber suitable for health.
• Chemical Elements in Macronutrients:
    - Carbohydrates: C, H, O
    - Proteins: C, H, O, N
    - Lipids: C, H, O

Food Testing

• Tests Summary:
    - Glucose: Benedict's solution (blue to brick red upon heating)
    - Starch: Iodine (brown to blue-black)
    - Proteins: Biuret solution (blue to purple)
    - Lipids: Alcohol test (cloudy white emulsion)

Energy Requirements

• Influencing factors include age, activity level, and pregnancy.

Digestion Processes

• Key Terms:
    - Ingestion: Intake of food
    - Digestion: Breakdown of food
    - Absorption: Nutrient uptake into blood
    - Assimilation: Incorporation into body tissues
    - Egestion: Removal of waste
• Peristalsis: Rhythmic muscle contractions moving food through the digestive system.

Role of Enzymes

• Enzyme Definition: Biological catalysts that increase reaction rates without undergoing change.
• Temperature Impact: Rate increases with temperature until the enzyme denatures.
• pH Impact: Each enzyme has an optimum pH; deviations can denature the enzyme.

Digestive Enzymes & Bile Functions

• Bile: Neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fats for digestion by lipase; produced in liver, stored in gallbladder.
• Villi Adaptations: Increased surface area, thin walls for efficient absorption, rich blood supply for nutrient transport.

Consequences of Nutritional Deficiencies

• Low fiber: Constipation.
• Low vitamin C: Scurvy.
• Low iron: Anemia.
• Low calcium: Poor bone/teeth development.

Key Enzymes Produced by the Pancreas

• Enzymes Include: Lipases, proteases, maltases, and amylases.

Absorption and Digestion in Intestines

• Small Intestine Parts: Duodenum and ileum.
• Large Intestine Parts: Colon and rectum.
• Colon Function: Water and salt reabsorption.
• Rectum Function: Storage and egestion of feces.