IBC Semester 1
Science - A way of gaining knowledge about the natural world that depends on evidence, reasoning, and repeated testing
Scientific Law - Statement describing what happens under certain conditions
Scientific Theory - Broad explanation widely accepted due to lots of evidence
Chemistry - Study of matter and the changes it undergoes
Physical Chemistry - Physical properties of substances to chemical composition and their transformations
Organic Chemistry - Carbon-based materials and compounds (Living organic + synthetic materials)
Inorganic Chemistry - Non-carbon substances, properties and behaviors
Biochemistry - Study of chemical processes that occur in living things.
Analytical Chemistry - Separation, identification, qualification of chemical components in natural and artificial materials.
Inductive Reasoning - Process of drawing general conclusions based on evidence.
Scientific method - A process or investigation to produce evidence consisting of many steps.
Observation - Anything detected by the senses
Hypothesis - Tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable
Experiment - A process made under controlled conditions to test a hypothesis
Manipulated variable - Variable changed by the researcher
Dependent Variable - Variable dependent and changes depending on the Independent/Manipulated variable.
Matter - Anything with mass that occupies space
Mass - Measure of amount of matter in an object
Volume - Measure of how much space an object takes up
Physical Property - A property of matter that can be observed without changing it to another substance.
Chemical Property - A property of matter that can only be observed through a chemical change
Extensive Property - A property that depends on how much matter there is an a substance
Intensive Property - A property that only depends on the type of matter
Physical Change - A change in matter that does not change the substance to another substance
Chemical Change - A change in matter that changes the substance to another substance, usually in a chemical reaction
Solid - Matter with definite volume and definite shape
Liquid - Matter with definite volume and indefinite shape
Gas - Matter with indefinite volume and shape
Vapor - Water in gaseous form
States of Matter - Different phases that matter can exist in
Substance - Pure material with uniform and definite composition
Viscosity - A liquid’s resistance to flowing
Mixture - Two or more elements that are not chemically combined
Compound - Two or more elements that are chemically combined
Precipitate - A solid that forms during a chemical reaction
Chromatography - A process during which substances (usually liquid) are separated based on polarity
Decanting - Separating a liquid from a solid through pouring
Solution - A homogeneous mixture where particles are too small to reflect light or separate
Homogeneous Mixture - A mixture with uniform properties and composition throughout
Heterogeneous Mixture - A mixture that does not have uniform properties and composition throughout
Phase - Part of a sample that has uniform properties and composition
Distillation - A process to separate liquids through boiling points
Filtration - A separation method through particle size
Element - A pure substance that cannot be broken down
Compound - Two or more elements that are chemically combined
Molecule - Smallest part of a compound that still retains its properties, made of atoms.
Chemical Reaction - Two or more substances/reactants are changed into two or more new substances/products
Flammability - Ability of matter to burn
Reactant - The substances that start a chemical reaction
Product - The substance that is the result of the chemical reaction
Reactivity - Ability of matter to combine chemically with other substances
Accuracy - How close an experimental value is to the accepted value
Precision - How close measurements are to each other
Error - Experimental Value - Accepted Value
Percent Error - Error as a percentage
Significant Figures - Rules for measurements to make sure the end result is not more precise than the starting measurements
Base Units - Can be measured directly
Derived Units - Cannot be measured directly
Conversion Factor - Fraction made from equivalency
Equivalency - Two different units that equal the same amount
Kilo - 1000
Hecto - 100
Deca - 10
Deci -0.1
Centi - 0.01
Milli - 0.001
Micro - 0.000001
Nano - 0.000000001
Pico - 0.000000000001
Dimensional Analysis is a logical process for converting from one unit to another
There are three steps for Dimensional Analysis:
Identify given and needed units
Write given unit as the numerator
Write equivalencies and conversion factors (Make sure to write them so they cancel out)
Multiply
Atom - Smallest Unit of Matter
Proton - Subatomic particle with a positive charge
Electron - Subatomic particle with a negative charge
Neutron - Subatomic particle with neutral
Quarks - A particle that makes up protons and neutrons
Mass Number - #Protons + #Neutrons in an element
Atomic Number - #Protons in an element
Nucleus - The center of an atom that has a positive charge
Isotope - An atom of an element with a different number of neutrons (All variations of an element are isotopes)
Percent Abundance - How naturally abundant an isotope is
Atomic Mass - The average mass of an atom
Atomic Mass Unit - Mass of 1 proton/neutron
Science - A way of gaining knowledge about the natural world that depends on evidence, reasoning, and repeated testing
Scientific Law - Statement describing what happens under certain conditions
Scientific Theory - Broad explanation widely accepted due to lots of evidence
Chemistry - Study of matter and the changes it undergoes
Physical Chemistry - Physical properties of substances to chemical composition and their transformations
Organic Chemistry - Carbon-based materials and compounds (Living organic + synthetic materials)
Inorganic Chemistry - Non-carbon substances, properties and behaviors
Biochemistry - Study of chemical processes that occur in living things.
Analytical Chemistry - Separation, identification, qualification of chemical components in natural and artificial materials.
Inductive Reasoning - Process of drawing general conclusions based on evidence.
Scientific method - A process or investigation to produce evidence consisting of many steps.
Observation - Anything detected by the senses
Hypothesis - Tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable
Experiment - A process made under controlled conditions to test a hypothesis
Manipulated variable - Variable changed by the researcher
Dependent Variable - Variable dependent and changes depending on the Independent/Manipulated variable.
Matter - Anything with mass that occupies space
Mass - Measure of amount of matter in an object
Volume - Measure of how much space an object takes up
Physical Property - A property of matter that can be observed without changing it to another substance.
Chemical Property - A property of matter that can only be observed through a chemical change
Extensive Property - A property that depends on how much matter there is an a substance
Intensive Property - A property that only depends on the type of matter
Physical Change - A change in matter that does not change the substance to another substance
Chemical Change - A change in matter that changes the substance to another substance, usually in a chemical reaction
Solid - Matter with definite volume and definite shape
Liquid - Matter with definite volume and indefinite shape
Gas - Matter with indefinite volume and shape
Vapor - Water in gaseous form
States of Matter - Different phases that matter can exist in
Substance - Pure material with uniform and definite composition
Viscosity - A liquid’s resistance to flowing
Mixture - Two or more elements that are not chemically combined
Compound - Two or more elements that are chemically combined
Precipitate - A solid that forms during a chemical reaction
Chromatography - A process during which substances (usually liquid) are separated based on polarity
Decanting - Separating a liquid from a solid through pouring
Solution - A homogeneous mixture where particles are too small to reflect light or separate
Homogeneous Mixture - A mixture with uniform properties and composition throughout
Heterogeneous Mixture - A mixture that does not have uniform properties and composition throughout
Phase - Part of a sample that has uniform properties and composition
Distillation - A process to separate liquids through boiling points
Filtration - A separation method through particle size
Element - A pure substance that cannot be broken down
Compound - Two or more elements that are chemically combined
Molecule - Smallest part of a compound that still retains its properties, made of atoms.
Chemical Reaction - Two or more substances/reactants are changed into two or more new substances/products
Flammability - Ability of matter to burn
Reactant - The substances that start a chemical reaction
Product - The substance that is the result of the chemical reaction
Reactivity - Ability of matter to combine chemically with other substances
Accuracy - How close an experimental value is to the accepted value
Precision - How close measurements are to each other
Error - Experimental Value - Accepted Value
Percent Error - Error as a percentage
Significant Figures - Rules for measurements to make sure the end result is not more precise than the starting measurements
Base Units - Can be measured directly
Derived Units - Cannot be measured directly
Conversion Factor - Fraction made from equivalency
Equivalency - Two different units that equal the same amount
Kilo - 1000
Hecto - 100
Deca - 10
Deci -0.1
Centi - 0.01
Milli - 0.001
Micro - 0.000001
Nano - 0.000000001
Pico - 0.000000000001
Dimensional Analysis is a logical process for converting from one unit to another
There are three steps for Dimensional Analysis:
Identify given and needed units
Write given unit as the numerator
Write equivalencies and conversion factors (Make sure to write them so they cancel out)
Multiply
Atom - Smallest Unit of Matter
Proton - Subatomic particle with a positive charge
Electron - Subatomic particle with a negative charge
Neutron - Subatomic particle with neutral
Quarks - A particle that makes up protons and neutrons
Mass Number - #Protons + #Neutrons in an element
Atomic Number - #Protons in an element
Nucleus - The center of an atom that has a positive charge
Isotope - An atom of an element with a different number of neutrons (All variations of an element are isotopes)
Percent Abundance - How naturally abundant an isotope is
Atomic Mass - The average mass of an atom
Atomic Mass Unit - Mass of 1 proton/neutron
