IBC Semester 1

Unit One - Introduction to Chemistry

Vocab

%%Science%% - A way of gaining knowledge about the natural world that depends on evidence, reasoning, and repeated testing

%%Scientific Law%% - Statement describing what happens under certain conditions

%%Scientific Theory%% - Broad explanation widely accepted due to lots of evidence

%%Chemistry%% - Study of matter and the changes it undergoes

%%Physical Chemistry%% - Physical properties of substances to chemical composition and their transformations

%%Organic Chemistry%% - Carbon-based materials and compounds (Living organic + synthetic materials)

%%Inorganic Chemistry%% - Non-carbon substances, properties and behaviors

%%Biochemistry%% - Study of chemical processes that occur in living things.

%%Analytical Chemistry%% - Separation, identification, qualification of chemical components in natural and artificial materials.

Inductive Reasoning - Process of drawing general conclusions based on evidence.

Scientific method - A process or investigation to produce evidence consisting of many steps.

Observation - Anything detected by the senses

Hypothesis - Tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable

Experiment - A process made under controlled conditions to test a hypothesis

Manipulated variable - Variable changed by the researcher

Dependent Variable - Variable dependent and changes depending on the Independent/Manipulated variable.

Matter - Anything with mass that occupies space

Classifying Matter

Vocab

%%Mass%% - Measure of amount of matter in an object

%%Volume%% - Measure of how much space an object takes up

%%Physical Property%% - A property of matter that can be observed without changing it to another substance.

%%Chemical Property%% - A property of matter that can only be observed through a chemical change

%%Extensive Property%% - A property that depends on how much matter there is an a substance

%%Intensive Property%% - A property that only depends on the type of matter

%%Physical Change%% - A change in matter that does not change the substance to another substance

%%Chemical Change%% - A change in matter that changes the substance to another substance, usually in a chemical reaction

%%Solid%% - Matter with definite volume and definite shape

%%Liquid%% - Matter with definite volume and indefinite shape

%%Gas%% - Matter with indefinite volume and shape

%%Vapor%% - Water in gaseous form

%%States of Matter%% - Different phases that matter can exist in

%%Substance%% - Pure material with uniform and definite composition

%%Viscosity%% - A liquid’s resistance to flowing

%%Mixture%% - Two or more elements that are not chemically combined

%%Compound%% - Two or more elements that are chemically combined

%%Precipitate%% - A solid that forms during a chemical reaction

%%Chromatography%% - A process during which substances (usually liquid) are separated based on polarity

%%Decanting%% - Separating a liquid from a solid through pouring

%%Solution%% - A homogeneous mixture where particles are too small to reflect light or separate

%%Homogeneous Mixture%% - A mixture with uniform properties and composition throughout

%%Heterogeneous Mixture%% - A mixture that does not have uniform properties and composition throughout

%%Phase%% - Part of a sample that has uniform properties and composition

%%Distillation%% - A process to separate liquids through boiling points

%%Filtration%% - A separation method through particle size

%%Element%% - A pure substance that cannot be broken down

%%Compound%% - Two or more elements that are chemically combined

%%Molecule%% - Smallest part of a compound that still retains its properties, made of atoms.

%%Chemical Reaction%% - Two or more substances/reactants are changed into two or more new substances/products

%%Flammability%% - Ability of matter to burn

%%Reactant%% - The substances that start a chemical reaction

%%Product%% - The substance that is the result of the chemical reaction

%%Reactivity%% - Ability of matter to combine chemically with other substances

Scientific Measurement

Vocab

%%Accuracy%% - How close an experimental value is to the accepted value

%%Precision%% - How close measurements are to each other

%%Error%% - Experimental Value - Accepted Value

%%Percent Error%% - Error as a percentage

%%Significant Figures%% - Rules for measurements to make sure the end result is not more precise than the starting measurements

%%Base Units%% - Can be measured directly

%%Derived Units%% - Cannot be measured directly

%%Conversion Factor%% - Fraction made from equivalency

%%Equivalency%% - Two different units that equal the same amount

Measurement Units

%%Kilo%% - 1000

%%Hecto%% - 100

%%Deca%% - 10

%%Deci%% -0.1

%%Centi%% - 0.01

%%Milli%% - 0.001

%%Micro%% - 0.000001

%%Nano%% - 0.000000001

%%Pico%% - 0.000000000001

Dimensional Analysis

• Dimensional Analysis is a logical process for converting from one unit to another
• There are three steps for Dimensional Analysis:

1. Identify given and needed units
2. Write given unit as the numerator
3. Write equivalencies and conversion factors (Make sure to write them so they cancel out)
4. Multiply

Atomic Structure

Atom - Smallest Unit of Matter

Proton - Subatomic particle with a positive charge

Electron - Subatomic particle with a negative charge

Neutron - Subatomic particle with neutral

Quarks - A particle that makes up protons and neutrons

Mass Number - #Protons + #Neutrons in an element

Atomic Number - #Protons in an element

Nucleus - The center of an atom that has a positive charge

Isotope - An atom of an element with a different number of neutrons (All variations of an element are isotopes)

Percent Abundance - How naturally abundant an isotope is

Atomic Mass - The average mass of an atom

Atomic Mass Unit - Mass of 1 proton/neutron