Nutr 251 Exam 4 Study Guide Vocabulary

Exam 4 Study Guide Notes

Deficiency Disease: The deficiency disease associated with Vitamin A is called Xerophthalmia.
Symptoms: Key symptoms include night blindness and dry eyes.
Classes of Vitamin A:
- Retinoids: Found in animal products like liver, fish, and dairy.
- Carotenoids: Found in plant foods such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and spinach.
Absorption: Vitamin A is absorbed via the small intestine with the help of dietary fats.
Functions:
- Essential for vision, specifically in the maintenance of the cornea.
- Supports the immune system and skin health.
Toxicity: Excess supplementation can lead to toxicity, causing symptoms like headache, dizziness, and liver damage.

Nutritional Deficiency Diseases:
- In children: Rickets.
- In adults: Osteomalacia.
Symptoms: Bone pain, muscle weakness, and susceptibility to fractures.
Sources: Obtained mainly from exposure to sunlight and dietary sources like fatty fish and fortified foods.
Activation: Vitamin D is activated by enzymes primarily in the liver and kidneys.
Functions:
- Regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism.
- Works to increase intestinal absorption of calcium.
- Acts in kidneys to promote calcium reabsorption and in bones to mobilize calcium.

Deficiency Disease: Vitamin E deficiency results in Neuropathy.
Impact: Causes issues related to the function of the nervous system and muscles.
General Function: Primarily acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

Deficiency Disease: The deficiency can lead to problems with blood clotting, known as hemorrhagic disease.
Functions:
- Facilitates the synthesis of clotting factors.
- Supports bone metabolism by helping bind calcium to the bone matrix.

Mineral: A solid, inorganic substance that is naturally found in the earth.
Major vs Trace Minerals:
- Major Minerals: Needed in larger amounts (e.g., calcium, potassium).
- Trace Minerals: Needed in smaller amounts (e.g., iron, zinc).
Absorption Factors:
- Increase Absorption: Certain organic acids, vitamin D.
- Decrease Absorption: Phytates, oxalates.

Location: Predominantly found in extracellular fluid.
Charge: Sodium ion (Na+) carries a +1 charge.
Functions: Maintains fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle function.
Processing Impact: Increases sodium content significantly in foods.
Sodium Limit: Daily intake should remain under 2300 mg.

Location: Found mainly in intracellular fluid.
Charge: Potassium ion (K+) carries a +1 charge.
Functions: Essential for fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle function.

Location: Found in gastric juice and interstitial fluids.
Charge: Chloride ion (Cl-) carries a -1 charge.
Functions: Assists with digestion as part of stomach acid and helps maintain electrolyte balance.

Blood Pressure Categories: Normal, elevated, and various stages of hypertension.
Risk Factors: Include obesity, lack of physical activity, and excessive sodium intake.
Consequences: Increased risk of heart disease, kidney failure, and stroke.
Lifestyle Modifications: Include maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, and following the DASH diet rich in potassium, magnesium, and calcium.

Functions: Critical for oxygen transport in hemoglobin and myoglobin, involved in energy metabolism.
Absorption:
- Overall absorption is 15-35% from food sources.
- Low stores increase absorption, while adequate stores decrease it.
Sources: Heme iron is exclusively found in animal products (meat).
Deficiency Symptoms: Fatigue, weakness, pale skin.
Deficiency Disease: Known as Iron Deficiency Anemia.
Storage Protein: Ferritin stores iron in tissues.
Transport Protein: Transferrin carries iron in the bloodstream.

Functions: Supports immune function, wound healing, and DNA synthesis.
Deficiency Symptoms: Growth retardation, loss of taste, and immune dysfunction.

Definition: The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure.
Energy Expenditure: Comprises basal metabolic rate (BMR), physical activity, thermogenesis, and the energy used in food processing.
Estimated Energy Requirement: Requires information on age, sex, weight, height, and activity level.
BMI Equation: Requires height and weight to determine category (underweight, normal, overweight, obesity).

Underweight Risks: Malnutrition, weakened immune function.
Overweight Risks: Increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers.
Obesity Causes:
- Genetic Factors: Include family history of obesity.
- Environmental Factors: Include sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits.
- Behavior Modification: Key in weight loss; involve strategies to control energy intake and engage in physical activity.

Safe Weight Loss: 1-2 pounds per week, resulting from a deficit of 500-1000 kcals per day.
Realistic Goals: Aim for a weight loss of 5-10% of body weight.
Nutrient Adequacy: Minimum kcal intake must be above 1200 kcals for women and 1500 kcals for men.
Exercise Importance: Essential for effective weight management.

Terminology:
- Gestation: Period of development from fertilization to birth.
- Trimester: Three periods of approximately three months each in a pregnancy.
Nutritional Needs: Energy needs increase by 340 kcal/day during the second trimester and 450 kcal/day during the third trimester.
Protein Requirement: Increased to approximately 71 grams per day.
Weight Gain Guidelines: Dependent on pre-pregnancy weight; components include weight of the baby, placenta, amniotic fluid, and maternal tissue.

Hormonal Functions:
- Prolactin: Stimulates milk production.
- Oxytocin: Causes milk ejection.
Nutrition During Lactation: Energy needs increase by around 500 kcal/day; mothers should consume no less than 1800 kcals/day during breastfeeding.
Fluid Needs: Increase by approximately 1 quart (32 oz).

Breastfeeding Advantages: Offers ideal nutrition for infants, enhanced immunity.
Disadvantages: May involve physical challenges for mothers.
Formula Feeding Concerns: Potential for over-concentration or nutrient deficiency if improperly mixed.
Guidelines for Solid Foods: Introduce at about 6 months, considering infant readiness such as head control.