Applied Linguistics s1
Page 1: What is Applied Linguistics?
Definition and Purpose:
Applied linguistics is the application of theories from theoretical linguistics in language classrooms to resolve challenges in second or foreign language teaching and learning.
Subfields of Applied Linguistics
Language and Education:
First Language Education: Involves studying a person's home language.
Additional Language Education: Learning the majority or official language of one's society, which may not be their home language.
Foreign Language Education: Studying the language of another country.
Clinical Linguistics:
The study and treatment of speech and communication impairments, which can be hereditary, developmental, or acquired through injury, stroke, or illness.
Also includes language achievement/proficiency assessments in first and additional languages.
Language Testing:
Assessments and evaluations in general or for specific purposes.
Language Work and Law:
Examines how language is used in the workplace and how it influences power dynamics in various occupations.
Page 2: Workplace Communication
Explores the significance of language in workplace interactions and its role in defining power relations among different job types.
Language Planning
Involves decision-making regarding languages and their official use, especially in educational contexts, often supported by legislation.
Forensic Linguistics
Utilizes linguistic evidence in legal investigations to identify authorship and validate documents, focusing on the credibility of voices in recordings.
Language, Information, and Effects
Literary Stylistics:
Studies the connection between linguistic choices and their impacts in literature.
Critical Discourse Analysis:
Investigates how linguistic choices influence persuasive communication, particularly in marketing and politics.
Focuses on counteracting manipulation through logic analysis.
Translation and Interpretation:
Principles of translation and interpretation focus on creating equivalent messages across languages.
Page 3: Information Design
Examines the arrangement and presentation of written language, including typography and layout choices.
Combines language with non-verbal communication tools like images and diagrams.
Lexicography
The compilation and planning of both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, plus other reference works like thesauri.
Page 4: Overview of Applied Linguistics
Speech therapy, language planning, language description, lexicography, language maintenance, and language teacher education are essential components.
Brumfit defines applied linguistics as the theoretical and empirical investigation of real-world problems involving language.
Applied Linguistics Challenges
Tackles various real-world issues, including learning new languages, assessing language disorders, and addressing challenges in bilingualism and language acquisition.
Page 5: Differences in Focus
Applied linguistics studies language use to enhance understanding, while theoretical linguistics examines linguistic principles.
The history of applied linguistics evolved as a response to limitations found in generative linguistics during the late 1900s.
Evolution of Applied Linguistics
Transition from a focus on language principles to addressing practical language-related issues.
In the 1970s, applied linguistics became problem-driven rather than purely theoretical.
Page 6: Research Trends in Applied Linguistics
Research shifted to empirical investigations addressing real-world language-related issues.
Page 7: Teacher Education
Encompasses policies and procedures aimed at equipping prospective teachers with necessary skills and knowledge.
Components of Teacher Education
Pre-service and in-service training are crucial for developing teacher competency.
Page 8: Curriculum and Skills
Curriculum:
Focuses on foundational knowledge, educational philosophy, theoretical understanding, and skills pertinent to teaching.
Educational Psychology:
Integrates various fields to support English language learners and utilize technology to enhance teaching.
Practical Experience in Teacher Training
Teacher education programs often include supervised field experiences to build competency.
Page 9: Student Teaching
Involves practical training weeks under supervision, fostering real-world classroom experience.
Induction into Teaching
Engages novice teachers with mentorship and support from experienced educators.
Page 10: Continuous Professional Development (CPD)
CPD encourages teachers to reflect on their competencies, keep updated, and adapt their skills to accommodate changing educational needs.
Page 11: Teacher Training and Quality Assurance
Quality assurance processes ensure teachers are qualified and meet educational standards. Regular feedback identifies areas for improvement.
Page 12: The Psychological Basis of the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH)
CAH is founded on the premise that learners transfer elements from their first language to the second.
Principles of Contrastive Analysis
CA compares pair of languages, identifying similarities to facilitate learning and highlighting differences that may hinder the learning process.
Page 13: Transfer Theory
Negative transfer occurs when structural differences between languages lead to errors in L2 production.
Page 14: Errors vs. Mistakes
Errors occur due to lack of knowledge and cannot be self-corrected; mistakes are self-correcting and show learners' understanding.
Hierarchy of Difficulties in Language Learning
Proposes various levels of difficulty regarding language acquisition and errors based on structural differences.
Page 15: Different Levels of Obstacles in Learning Languages
Outlines how misunderstandings arise at various linguistic levels, leading to either positive or negative transfer.
Page 16: Versions of Contrastive Analysis
Discusses strong and weak versions of the CA model.
Empirical Evidence in CA
Empirical studies indicate that similarities between languages often lead to easier learning than dissimilarities.
Page 17: Linguistic Components of Contrastive Analysis
Distinguishes between micro-linguistics (language system analysis) and macro-linguistics (consideration of social and contextual implications).
Page 18: Micro vs. Macro Linguistics
Micro-linguistics focuses on grammar without social context, while macro-linguistics examines language use within social settings.
Page 19: Speech Act Theory
Investigates how language conveys actions and meanings in different contexts.
Page 20: Levels of Contrastive Analysis
CA assesses phonological, grammatical, and lexical features.
Page 21: Description Models in Contrastive Analysis
Discusses taxonomic and transformational models used in structural descriptions.
Page 22: Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA)
ICA breaks down sentences to analyze structure and components.
Page 23: Analyzing Sentences in Structural Linguistics
Compares sentence structures among languages highlighting differences.
Page 24: Teacher Education: Competence vs. Performance
Emphasizes the need for teachers to develop deep understanding of linguistic structures beyond surface-level knowledge.
Page 25: The Scientific Approach to Contrastive Analysis
Details the systematic process involved in scientific descriptions and comparisons of languages.
Page 26: Teacher Awareness of Language Structures
Stresses the importance of understanding structural differences to better facilitate teaching.
Page 27: Predicting Errors through Contrastive Analysis
Analyzes potential areas of difficulty in language learning based on structural comparisons.
Page 28: Scientific Description Process
Outlines steps involved in linguistic hypothesis formation and validation.
Page 29: Types of Error Analysis
Explains how to distinguish types of errors and their implications for teaching approaches.
Page 30: Errors in Language Acquisition
Discusses the significance of accurately identifying error types to improve teaching methods.
Page 31: Weak vs. Strong Versions of Contrastive Analysis
Explains the varying perspectives on predicting language difficulties in EFL contexts.
Page 32: Components of Contrastive Analysis
Focuses on analyzing structural features across languages and their impact on learning difficulty.
Page 33: Comparing Languages Effectively
Highlights the need for precise comparative analysis in understanding linguistic differences.
Page 34: Benefits of Hierarchical Difficulty Analysis
Discusses how identifying difficulties can guide effective teaching strategies.
Page 35: Foundations of Grammar
Overview of generative grammar concepts and their implications for teaching.
Page 36: Methods of Language Teaching
Compares traditional and modern approaches in language instruction.
Page 37: Chomsky's Contribution to Linguistics
Highlights the development of generative grammar and its focus on grammaticality.
Page 38: Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Introduces the concept of LAD and its role in language productivity and creativity.
Page 39: Chomsky's Theory on Grammar
Discusses the relationship between grammar, lexis, and sentence structure.
Page 40: Transformational Grammar and its Applications
Defines how transformational elements create complex sentences from simpler ones.
Page 41: Analyzing Sentences with Tree Diagrams
Illustrates how deep and surface structures are represented and what they signify.
Page 42: Chomsky vs. Behaviorism
Examines differences between structural linguistics and generative grammar approaches.
Page 43: Performance and Competence in Language
Discusses competencies of native speakers vs. observable language performance.
Page 44: Transformational Grammar Basics
Introduces foundational rules for analyzing sentence structures in generative grammar.
Page 45: Teacher Education and Quality Assurance
Summarizes the goals of teacher education programs.
Page 46: Teacher Training Practices
Elaborates on the various practices employed in training prospective teachers.
Page 47: Quality Assurance in Education
Discusses how quality assurance measures affect teacher effectiveness.
Page 48: Competence in Education
Focuses on the necessity of developing teacher competencies through structured experiences.
Page 49: Integrating Meaning into Language Teaching
Emphasizes the importance of context and meaning in language learning.
Page 50: Semantic Roles in Learning
Discusses how Case Grammar links verbs and their semantic roles to understand language meanings better.
Page 51: Analyzing Syntax with Case Grammar
Explains the process of understanding grammatical roles within sentences.
Page 52: Error Analysis in Language Teaching
Introduces the concept of systematic error analysis in language education.
Page 53: Types and Implications of Errors
Categorizes errors in speech and writing to better understand student needs.
Page 54: Motivation for Error Analysis
Diversity in learner errors highlights the necessity of error understanding for effective teaching.
Page 55: Classification of Errors in Language Learning
Classifies errors into categories to develop targeted instructional strategies.
Page 56: Developing Effective Teaching Methods
Discusses how awareness of errors can enhance language instruction.
Page 57: Learner Strategies in Language Use
Analyzes how learners adapt language based on their comfort levels and learning experiences.
Page 58: Developmental Errors and Learning
Examines how learners' errors evolve with ongoing instruction and exposure.