History of Earth's Atmosphere

What is ATP? Describe the ATP cycle.

ATP provides energy.

ATP Cycle: One of the ATP’s phosphate bonds is broken and becomes ADP. Phosphate is added back to ADP and it turns into ATP again. (Happens in cellular respiration)

Describe each of the following experiments and how they provide evidence for the photosynthesis equation:

Joseph Priestly’s Mouse in a Jar - Mouse in a jar dies without plant, lives with plant. This proves that plants provide oxygen from photosynthesis.

Man in a Box - Similar to Mouse in a Jar, plants provide necessary oxygen for humans to live in a sealed box

Elodea in Bromothymol blue indicator solution - Bromothymol blue changes color when elodea is exposed to light because it takes up carbon dioxide. No light=no photosynthesis, color doesn’t change

Leaf Disk lab - Leafs can float on water because oxygen is produced in photosynthesis, no oxygen=no float

Iodine and starch experiment - Starch is a product of photosynthesis. Iodine changes color when it is exposed to starch. When iodine changes color it means that there was photosynthesis.

Radioactively labeled oxygen experiment - Labeling oxygen in water can indicate that oxygen from photosynthesis comes from water and not carbon dioxide.

Draw and label a chloroplast. Where does the light dependent reaction occur? The light independent reaction (Calvin cycle)? Where are the reactants and products of photosynthesis used / made?

Light dependent reaction occurs in the thylakoid membrane

Products: ATP, NADPH, Oxygen

Reactants: Light energy and water

Light independent reaction occurs in the stroma

Products: Glucose

Reactants: ATP, NADPH, CO2

Equation: light energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is chlorophyll? Why do plants appear green? Plants appear green because they absorb red and blue and reflect green. Chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs light.

Draw and label a mitochondrion. Where do each of the aerobic cellular respiration stages occur? Where are each of the reactants and products of aerobic cellular respiration used / made?

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm (empty space of the cell, not in mitochondria)

Reactants: Glucose

Products; Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

Krebs Cycle occurs in the matrix

Reactants: Pyruvate

Products: CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2

Electron Transport Chain (occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria)

Reactants: NADH and FADH2

Products: ATP and Water

Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Describe the various types of anaerobic respiration. When and in what organisms would each occur? Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. Lactic acid occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria. Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. Occurs in yeast.

How are the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected? The oxygen produced in photosynthesis is used for cellular respiration and the CO2 produced in cellular respiration is used in photosynthesis.

Distinguish between relative and absolute dating. Be able to use both to determine the age of something (in the ways that we did in Biozone 27 and the quiz). Relative dating is giving an estimate of a rock’s age based on the layers it is in between. Absolute dating is making a precise estimate of a rock’s age using radiometric dating. (Finding how long it takes for 50% of an element to decay into another element). (Unstable isotope).

How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration affect the Earth’s atmosphere? Photosynthesis affects the Earth’s atmosphere by making oxygen and cellular respiration makes carbon dioxide. Balanced amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide contributes to a healthy atmosphere.

Distinguish between the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere. Give examples of carbon moving between the different systems. Carbon moves between the atmosphere (air) as carbon dioxide gas. Carbon moves between the biosphere (all living things) because all living things are composed of carbon. Carbon moves between the geosphere (Earth’s crust like soil and rock) because carbon can be stored in rocks and fossil fuels. Carbon moves between the hydrosphere (bodies of water) because it is dissolved in the water.