Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons and Alcohols Study Notes

xfO8f]sfa{g / o;sf of}lusx (Hydrocarbon and its Compounds)

of}lusxsf] juL{s/0f M xfd|f] j/k/ kfOg] of}lusxnfO{ d'Vo u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
- ck|fª\ufl/s (Inorganic) of}lus M vlgh kbfy{sf] ;|f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] of}lusxnfO{ csfa{lgs jf ck|fª\ufl/s of}lus elgG5 .
- k|fª\ufl/s (Organic) of}lus M hgfj/ jf af]6la?jfaf6 k|fKt x'g] of}lusnfO{ sfa{lgs jf k|fª\ufl/s of}lus elgG5 .
sfa{lgs of}lussf] kl/efiff M sfa{gsf cS;fO8 ( $CO$ , $CO_2$ ), sfaf]{g]6 ( $CO_3$ ), afOsfaf]{g]6 ( $HCO_3$ ) / sfaf{O8xafx]s sfa{gsf ;a} of}lusnfO{ sfa{lgs of}lus elgG5 .
xfO8f]sfa{g (Hydrocarbon) M sfa{g ( $C$ ) / xfO8f]hg ( $H$ ) ldn]/ ag]sf sfa{lgs of}lusnfO{ xfO8f]sfa{g elgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk 18.1 M j:t'xsf] cjnf]sg

p2]Zo M k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s j:t'x 5'6fpg' .
;fdu|Lx M sf7sf 6'j|mf, lrgL, 9'ª\uf, kfgL, vfg]t]n, l3p, wfg, ds}, sfFr, kmnfd cflbsf 6'j|mf .
lgisif{ M
- aNg] j:t'x M sf7, lrgL, vfg]t]n, l3p, wfg, ds} (oL ;a} k|fª\ufl/s of}lus x'g / oLdf sfa{g tyf xfO8f]hg kfOG5) .
- gaNg] j:t'x M 9'ª\uf, kfgL, sfFr, kmnfd (oL ck|fª\ufl/s of}lus x'g) .
pkof]lutf M
- dl6t]nsf] 6'sL (lah'nL aQL gk'u]sf] 7fpFdf) .
- bfp/fsf] k|of]u (vfgf ksfpg) .
- l:kl/6 aQL (k|of]uzfnfdf tfk lgsfNg) .
- uf]n (wft' kufn]/ efF8fs'F8f agfpg) .

k|fª\ufl/s of}lus (Organic Compounds)

kl/efiff M sfa{gn] sfa{g;Fu jf xfO8f]hg;Fu sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 (Covalent bond) agfpg] of}lusxnfO{ k|fª\ufl/s of}lus elgG5 .
tjx M sfa{gn] xfO8f]hgafx]s clS;hg ( $O$ ), gfO6f]hg ( $N$ ), x]nf]hg (Halogen), ;Nkm/ ( $S$ ) / km:kmf]/; ( $P$ );Fu klg sf]Eofn]6 aG8 agfpF5 .
z/L/df kfOg] k|fª\ufl/s of}lus M k|f]l6g, xdf]{g, sfaf]{xfO8]6, af];f], OGhfOd, k|f]6f]KnfHd cflb .
pbfx/0fx M ldy]g, Oy]g, Olyg, Pl;l6lng, ldyfgf]n, Snf]/f]kmd{, o'l/of, OG;'lng, k|f]l6g, t]n cflb .
k|fª\ufl/s /;fogzf:q (Organic Chemistry) M k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf] cWoog ug]{ /;fog lj1fgsf] zfvfnfO{ Organic Chemistry elgG5 .
xfO8f]sfa{gsf] k|d'v ;|f]t M k]6f]lnod kbfy{ xf] .

xfO8f]sfa{gsf] juL{s/0f

sfa{g / sfa{g k/df0f'xsf lardf /x]sf aG8xsf k|sf/sf cfwf/df xfO8f]sfa{gnfO{ b'O{ efudf afFl8Psf] 5 M

1. ;Gt[Kt xfO8f]sfa{g (Saturated Hydrocarbon)

kl/efiff M b'O{cf]6f sfa{g k/df0f'lar Psn ;x;+of]hs (Single covalent) aG8 /x]sf] xfO8f]sfa{gnfO{ ;Gt[Kt xfO8f]sfa{g elgG5 .
विशेषताx M
- logLx Psbd} l:y/ (Stable) k|s[ltsf x'G5g .
- /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofdf sd ;lj|mo x'g] ePsfn] logLxnfO{ kf/flkmG; (Paraffins) elgG5 .
- logLxnfO{ cNs]g (Alkane) klg elgG5 .
;fdfGo ;"q M $C_nH_{2n+2}$ (hxfF $n = 1, 2, 3, \dots$ sfa{gsf] ;ª\Vof xf])
pbfx/0fx M
- ldy]g (Methane) M $CH_4$
- Oy]g (Ethane) M $C_2H_6$
- k|f]k]g (Propane) M $C_3H_8$
- Ao'6]g (Butane) M $C_4H_{10}$
- k]G6]g (Pentane) M $C_5H_{12}$

2. c;Gt[Kt xfO8f]sfa{g (Unsaturated Hydrocarbon)

kl/efiff M b'O{cf]6f sfa{gxlar 8an (Double) jf l6kn (Triple) ;x;+of]hs aG8 /x]sf] xfO8f]sfa{gnfO{ c;Gt[Kt xfO8f]sfa{g elgG5 .
विशेषताx M
- logLx Psbd} cl:y/ (Unstable) k|s[ltsf x'G5g .
- /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofdf a9L ;lj|mo (Active) x'g] ePsfn] logLxnfO{ cf]lnlkmG; (Olefins) elgG5 .
juL{s/0f M
- clNsg (Alkene) M sfa{g / sfa{gsf lardf 8an aG8 ( $C=C$ ) eG5 . ;fdfGo ;"q $C_nH_{2n}$ xf] . pbfx/0f M Olyg ( $C_2H_4$ ), k|f]lkg ( $C_3H_6$ ) .
- cNsfOg (Alkyne) M sfa{g / sfa{gsf lardf l6kn aG8 ( $C \equiv C$ ) eG5 . ;fdfGo ;"q $C_nH_{2n-2}$ xf] . pbfx/0f M OyfOg ( $C_2H_2$ ), k|f]kfOg ( $C_3H_4$ ) .

xfO8f]lhg];g (Hydrogenation)

kl/efiff M jg:klt t]naf6 jg:klt l3p tof/ kfg]{ ljlwnfO{ xfO8f]lhg];g elgG5 .
प्रक्रिया M o; k4ltdf c;Gt[Kt ˆof6L cDn (Unsaturated fatty acid) ;Gt[Kt ˆof6L cDndf (Saturated fatty acid) kl/jt{g x'G5 .
समीकरण M $H_2C = CH_2 + H_2 \rightarrow C_2H_6$ (Alkene to Alkane) .

xf]df]nf]u; z[ª\vnf (Homologous Series)

kl/efiff M Pp6} ;fdfGo ;"qdf afFlwg ;Sg] xfO8f]sfa{gsf] ;d"xnfO{ xf]df]nf]u; z[ª\vnf elgG5 .
विशेषताx M
- o;sf ;b:onfO{ xf]df]nu (Homologue) elgG5 .
- Pp6f ;b:o / csf]{ ;b:olarsf] cGt? $-CH_2-$ x'G5 .
- kf/df0fljs ef/ (Atomic weight) $14$ n] km/s x'G5 .
pbfx/0f x M
- ldyfgf]n ( $CH_3OH$ )
- Oyfgf]n ( $CH_3CH_2OH$ )
- k|f]kfgf]n ( $CH_3CH_2CH_2OH$ )

cNsfOn /l8sn (Alkyl Radical) / kmª\;gn u|k (Functional Group)

cNsfOn /l8sn M cNs]g (Alkane) af6 Pp6f xfO8f]hg k/df0f' x6fpFbf aGg] k/df0f'xsf] ;d"xnfO{ cNsfOn /l8sn elgG5 . o;sf] ;fdfGo ;"q $C_nH_{2n+1}$ xf] .
kmª\;gn u|k M sfa{lgs of}lussf] lglZrt ;d"xsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/eflfit ug]{ Pp6f k/df0f' jf k/df0f'sf] ;d"xnfO{ kmª\;gn u|'k elgG5 .
- pbfx/0f M
  - Oy/ ( $-O-$ )
  - PlN8xfO8 ( $-CHO$ )
  - sfaf]{lS;lns cDn ( $-COOH$ )
  - xfO8f]lS;n/cNsf]xn ( $-OH$ )

xfO8f]sfa{gsf] gfds/0f (IUPAC System)

IUPAC sf] k"0f{ k M International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry .
j8{?6 (Word Root) M sfa{g k/df0f'sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df M
- $C_1$ M Meth
- $C_2$ M Eth
- $C_3$ M Prop
- $C_4$ M But
- $C_5$ M Pent
- $C_6$ M Hex
- $C_7$ M Hept
- $C_8$ M Oct
- $C_9$ M Non
- $C_{10}$ M Dec
Suffices M
- Single Bond M ane
- Double Bond M ene
- Triple Bond M yne
pbfx/0f M $CH_3 - CH_3$ df b'O{cf]6f sfa{g ( $C_2$ = Eth) / Psn aG8 (ane) ePsfn] o;nfO{ Ethane elgG5 .

d'Vo xfO8f]sfa{gxsf] ljj/0f

1. ldy]g (Methane - $CH_4$ )

o;nfO{ df;{ Uof; (Marsh gas) klg elgG5 lsgls of] wflknf] 7fpF (Marshy place) df kfOG5 .
of] k|foM vlgh t]n, uf]a/ Uof;, afof] Uof; / 9nsf] (Sewage) Uof;df kfOG5 .
u'0fx M /ªxLg, uGwxLg, :jfbxLg; kfgLdf c3'ngzLn t/ k|fª\ufl/s 3f]ns (Oy/, cNsf]xn) df 3'ngzLn .
pkof]lutf M
- OGwgsf] kdf (afof] Uof;) .
- sfa{g ANofs (Carbon black) pTkfbg ug{ (d;L, kfln;, /ª) .
- Snf]/f]kmd{, sfa{g 6]6fSnf]/fO8, ldyfOn cNsf]xn, kmdf{lN8xfO8 agfpg .
- xfO8f]hgsf] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg ug{ .

2. Oy]g (Ethane - $C_2H_6$ )

of] k|fs[lts Uof;, sf]n Uof; / k]6f]lnod vfgLdf kfOG5 .
pkof]lutf M
- OGwgsf] kdf (tfk lgsfNg) .
- OyfOn Snf]/fO8, gfO6f]Oy]g agfpg .

3. k|f]k]g (Propane - $C_3H_8$ )

of] cToGt k|HHjngzLn Uof; xf] .
pkof]lutf M
- OGwgsf] kdf .
- k]6f]lnod pBf]udf lr:ofpg] (Refrigerant) sfo{sf nflu .

4. Ao'6]g (Butane - $C_4H_{10}$ )

pkof]lutf M
- l;Gy]l6s /a/ agfpg sRrf kbfy{sf] kdf .
- ldy]g;Fu ld;fO{ LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) sf] kdf .
- of] rfk (Pressure) lbPdf ;lhn} t/n x'G5 .

cNsf]xn (Alcohol)

kl/efiff M cNs]gdf /x]sf] Ps jf PseGbf a9L xfO8f]hg k/df0f'nfO{ xfO8f]lS;n ;d"x ( $-OH$ ) n] k|lt:yfkg u/]/ ag]sf] of}lus cNsf]xn xf] .
;fdfGo ;"q M $C_nH_{2n+1}OH$
juL{s/0f ( $-OH$ sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df) M
- df]gf]xfOl8s (Monohydric) M Pp6f $-OH$ ePsf] (h:t} M ldyfgf]n, Oyfgf]n) .
- 8fOxfOl8s (Dihydric) M b'O{cf]6f $-OH$ ePsf] (h:t} M UnfOsf]n) .
- 6fOxfOl8s (Trihydric) M tLgcf]6f $-OH$ ePsf] (h:t} M lUn;]/f]n) .

ldyfOn cNsf]xn (Methyl Alcohol/Methanol - $CH_3OH$ )

pkof]lutf M
- ldyfOn]6]8 l:kl/6 agfpg .
- /ª / eflg{;nfO{ 3'nfpg .
- k/ˆo'd, cf}ifwL, l;Gy]l6s sk8f / km/dN8xfO8 agfpg .
- 8fO{ lSnlgª (Dry cleaning) df .

OyfOn cNsf]xn (Ethyl Alcohol/Ethanol - $C_2H_5OH$ )

pkof]lutf M
- dfbs kbfy{ (lxj:sL, jfOg, lao/) agfpg .
- c:ktfndf 3fp / l;l/Gh ;kmf ug{ .
- afof]nf]lhsn :k]l;d]g (Biological specimens) ;'/lIft /fVg .
- tfkdfks oGq (Thermometer) df .
- kf]lnlyg, 6]l/lng, ;fa'g, /ª, k]G6 pTkfbg ug{ .

UnfOsf]n (Glycol - $CH_2OHCH_2OH$ )

IUPAC gfd M ethane-1,2-diol .
of] 8fO{xfOl8s cNsf]xn xf] h'g cf}Bf]lus / vfB If]qdf pkof]u ul/G5 .

lUn;]/f]n (Glycerol/Glycerine - $C_3H_5(OH)_3$ )

IUPAC gfd M propane-1,2,3-triol .
of] lu|s efiffsf] 'glyceros' af6 NofOPsf] xf], h;sf] cy{ u'lnof] (Sweet) x'G5 .
u'0f M /ªxLg, u'lnof] :jfb x'g] afSnf] t t/n; kfgL / cNsf]xndf 3'ngzLn t/ Oy/df c3'ngzLn .
pkof]lutf M
- 5fnf / cf]7sf] ;'/Iff ug{ .
- ld7fOnfO{ u'lnof] agfpg .
- ;fa'g, nf];g, s:d]l6s / ;]leª lj|md agfpg .
- ;'tL{nfO{ /l;nf] agfO{ /fVg / kmnkm"n tyf vfBkbfy{nfO{ ;8g glbg .

Questions & Discussion

lj|mofsnfk 18.2 M xfO8f]sfa{gsf c0f'sf gd'gf (Model) tof/ kfg{ d'5]sf] df6f] / ;nfO{sf] sf6L k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . /ftf] /ª sfa{g / ;]tf] /ª xfO8f]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
lj|mofsnfk 18.3 M :yfgLocal kdf cNsf]xn agfpg] tl/sfaf/] cjnf]sg u/L l/kf]6{ tof/ kfg{f];\ .
lj|mofsnfk 18.4 M 3/df k|of]udf cfpg] xfO8f]sfa{g (h:t} LPG, dl6t]n, l3p) sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons and Alcohols Study Notes

xfO8f]sfa{g / o;sf of}lusx (Hydrocarbon and its Compounds)

lj|mofsnfk 18.1 M j:t'xsf] cjnf]sg

k|fª\ufl/s of}lus (Organic Compounds)

xfO8f]sfa{gsf] juL{s/0f

1. ;Gt[Kt xfO8f]sfa{g (Saturated Hydrocarbon)

2. c;Gt[Kt xfO8f]sfa{g (Unsaturated Hydrocarbon)

xfO8f]lhg];g (Hydrogenation)

xf]df]nf]u; z[ª\vnf (Homologous Series)

cNsfOn /l8sn (Alkyl Radical) / kmª\;gn u|k (Functional Group)

xfO8f]sfa{gsf] gfds/0f (IUPAC System)

d'Vo xfO8f]sfa{gxsf] ljj/0f

1. ldy]g (Methane - CH4CH_4CH4​)

2. Oy]g (Ethane - C2H6C_2H_6C2​H6​)

3. k|f]k]g (Propane - C3H8C_3H_8C3​H8​)

4. Ao'6]g (Butane - C4H10C_4H_{10}C4​H10​)

cNsf]xn (Alcohol)

ldyfOn cNsf]xn (Methyl Alcohol/Methanol - CH3OHCH_3OHCH3​OH)

OyfOn cNsf]xn (Ethyl Alcohol/Ethanol - C2H5OHC_2H_5OHC2​H5​OH)

UnfOsf]n (Glycol - CH2OHCH2OHCH_2OHCH_2OHCH2​OHCH2​OH)

lUn;]/f]n (Glycerol/Glycerine - C3H5(OH)3C_3H_5(OH)_3C3​H5​(OH)3​)

Questions & Discussion

xfO8f]sfa{g / o;sf of}lusx (Hydrocarbon and its Compounds)

lj|mofsnfk 18.1 M j:t'xsf] cjnf]sg

xfO8f]sfa{gsf] juL{s/0f

1. ;Gt[Kt xfO8f]sfa{g (Saturated Hydrocarbon)

2. c;Gt[Kt xfO8f]sfa{g (Unsaturated Hydrocarbon)

xfO8f]lhg];g (Hydrogenation)

cNsfOn /l8sn (Alkyl Radical) / kmª\;gn u|k (Functional Group)

xfO8f]sfa{gsf] gfds/0f (IUPAC System)

d'Vo xfO8f]sfa{gxsf] ljj/0f

1. ldy]g (Methane - $CH_4$ )

2. Oy]g (Ethane - $C_2H_6$ )

3. k|f]k]g (Propane - $C_3H_8$ )

4. Ao'6]g (Butane - $C_4H_{10}$ )

ldyfOn cNsf]xn (Methyl Alcohol/Methanol - $CH_3OH$ )

OyfOn cNsf]xn (Ethyl Alcohol/Ethanol - $C_2H_5OH$ )

UnfOsf]n (Glycol - $CH_2OHCH_2OH$ )

lUn;]/f]n (Glycerol/Glycerine - $C_3H_5(OH)_3$ )