Integumentary

Epidermis contains hair shaft, stratum corneum, hairshaft, stratum germinativum

Dermis contains eccrine sweat glands, hair follicle, arrector pili muscle, connective tissue, nerves

Hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous tissue layer, contains blood vessels, apocrine sweat gland, adipose tissues, nerves

Epidermis is the outer layer of the integumentary system

The dermis is the layer of connective tissue beneath the epidermis

The hypo-dermis is under the dermis layer made up of loose connective tissue and fat cells.

Factors that affect skin integrity and wounds include oxygenation, infection, age, stress, limited mobility, obesity, medications, alcoholism, smoking and nutrition.

People with certain conditions are more prone to skin breakdown such as renal impairment, CHF, diabetes and many more

The zone of coagulative necrosis is the area closest to the source of the burn. Coagulation of cellular proteins and destruction of the microcirculation occurs in the zone of coagulative necrosis.

The middle zone is known as the zone of stasis which means to slow down blood flow. It is characterised by decreased tissue perfusion. Increased capillary permeability resulting in leakage of fluid into the extravascular space.

The outermost area, the zone of hyperemia, is an area with increased tissue perfusion.

Burns exceeding 20% of total bod surface area are considered to be major burns and are associated with massive fluid shifts, oedema and release of inflammatory mediators.

In a systemic response, immediate after the burn, systemic micronutrients loses its vessel wall integrity and plasma leaks out of the damaged capillary into the surrounding tissues.

Immediate inflammatory response causes cytokine and inflammatory mediators to release from the damaged cells causing increased vascular permeability.

There are four forms of shock, which is cardiogenic, hypovolemic, obstructive, distributive.

Hypovolemic shock is the condition when you suddenly lose a lot of blood or fluids from your body due to low low blood circulating the body.

Cardiogenic shock is the condition that your heart suddenly can’t pump enough blood to meet you body’s needs.

Obstructive shock is where there is an Obstruction of blooding going into and out of your heart or great blood vessels.

Distributive shock is one of the four broad classiifcations of disorders that cause inadequate tissue perfusion. Systemic vasodilation leaded to decreased blood flow to the brain, heart, and kidneys causing damage to vital organs.

Symptoms of shock include, pale and cold skin, shallow breathing, anxiety, difficulty breathing, increased heart-rate, thirst, heartbeat irregularities.

First degree burns are superficial burns

Second degree burns are partial thickness burns

Third degree burns are full thickness burns.

Urinalysis asses some protein and red cells in urine and can indicate kidney damage.

Chest X-ray assess damage to the respiratory tract due to toxins from smoke.

Bloods monitor infection (WBC), electrolytes, haematocrit, haemaglobin, and renal fucntion.