socsci periodical 2nd trim
Lesson 1: (Intro & Review): Colonies / Protectorates / Sphere of Influence / and Concession
This lesson is all about reviewing the previous trimester that may coordinate with our new topics which is very helpful for the upcoming topics.
Core Words
Colony
A country who is under complete or partial control of another country.
Colonies are divided into two groups for this lesson:
COLONIALISM
IMPERIALISM
Protectorate
Having an internal government but having a stronger country control you
A stronger country gives protection to weaker countries. [ex: Philippines as a protectorate of the U.S. (or US protecting Philippines)]
Sphere of Influence
Exclusive investment or trading privileges by outside power
Extending their control and interest
ex: Cold War: US vs. Soviet Union / USSR (using their ideologies to influence other countries to fight for them)
Concession
Lease of land or resources from the government to a foreign company or country for money
II. IMPERIALISM
Definition
Country policy to take over lands using diplomacy or force (indirect rule)
Example: Western Powers in China
Type
Colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, economic imperialism
Example: China under the sphere of influence of Western Powers and later by Japan
III. COLONIALISM
Definition
The physical act of directly setting up colonies or territories in another country
Examples: SEA countries like Philippines under Spain, Indonesia under East India Company, Malaysia under British East India Company, Vietnam under French rule etc.
Type
Settler colonies, exploitation colonies, surrogate colonies internal colonies
SEA like Philippines under Spain, Indonesia under East India Company, Malaysia under British East India Company, Vietnam under French rule etc.
THAILAND A BUFFER STATE
Lesson 2: Colonialism and Western Imperialism in the Archipelagos (Insular) of SEA
The colonial rules and policies for the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia are in this lesson.
KNOWLEDGE: The Cape of Good Hope helped the Portuguese have a faster route going to Asia.
Colonization: How it Started
The Philippines
The Spanish first discovered our country in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan with two primary objectives: to establish a lucrative spice trade and to Christianize Filipinos.
Though Magellan found us, the first permanent Spanish settlement was established by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in Cebu in 1565.
Colonization lasted for over 333 years
Indonesia
Malaysia
II. Colonial Methods and Policies
The Philippines - Spain
Method
Direct Colonialism as they actually went to our country.
Policies
Christianity
Helped expand the power and influence of Spain in the Philippines.
Most were animists and had local religions (belief of objects, animals, plants, things and natural phenomena are inhabited by it) and because of our unstable view of religion, it was easy for them to persuade us.
The strongest weapon for the Spaniards was the Church.
How Filipinos had fear in God was an advantage for the Spaniards to make the whole PH Catholic.
Physical violence was used like flogging/beating with the use of bamboos, forcing them to go to confession, etc.
Folk Catholicism is a combination of the teachings of the Church with the local beliefs of the Filipinos.
Galleon Trade
Primary means of trade in the Philippines
The trade gain profit for merchants but did not create income for Filipinos
Cash crops (ex: tobacco, cotton, etc ) were the items sold
Forced Labor
The people were forced to participate in the building of roadwork, public infrastructure, churches, ships, etc..
Indonesia - Netherlands
Methods
Direct and dualistic rule
Engaged in Asian Trade
The Dutch East India Company: Many companies from the Netherlands made a joint-stock company and had 21 years to participate in trade in Asia. This helped gain more power for the Dutch.
REMEMBER: The first ever joint-stock company in the world! A joint-stock company is
like an investment of different companies; of course, there will be a risk, the risk is if the
company does not earn well, the shareholders will lose the money they invested.
Policies
a. Cultivation System (1830):
The Javanese people were forced to plant cash crops for the Dutch industry and the people weren’t paid well. Implemented by Governor-General Van den Bosch.
Dutch and Javanese officials were paid extra (bonuses) which put pressure on farmers to plant more every year.
b. Corvee labor
Forced labor was implemented to only the local population to help the government for funds in making economic projects.
c. Ethical policy
Improves the life of the population (reduce slavery and expand education within the local elites). Was only implemented during the 19th century by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands because of the spread of liberal ideas.
Malaysia - Great Britain
Methods
Indirect rule
Divide and rule
Trade and politics
Sphere of influence
Policies
a. Pluralistic Society
Engage in Chinese trade
Each group maintained its own culture, religion, language, and customs.
b. Policy of Non-interference
Avoid direct governance in certain areas of a colony
No interference within the government
c. Residential System
The Sultan accepted the British Resident to serve on all matters except religion and customs of Malaysia
The Resident oversaw justice and order, collections of funds or revenue, and the administration of the state while the Sultan oversaw the customs and traditions of the Malays.
Implemented in the states of Selangor, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang
II. Response to Colonial Rule
The Philippines
The Filipinos responded both violently and peacefully.
Violent Response
Some Filipinos fought against the Spanish violently through revolutions and rebellions. An example of this is the KKK (Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) led by Andres Bonifacio
Peaceful Response
Other Filipinos went through peacefully, asking for reforms through visual and/or performative arts.
Some wrote books with storylines that symbolize and show the cruelty of the Spanish (Jose Rizal with Noli me Tangere and El Fili), others wrote songs conveying their feelings, others made paintings (Juan Luna with the Spoliarium), and others formed groups writing against the doings of the colonizers (Writing newspapers like La Solidaridad)
Indonesia
They had a violent response: A lot of protests and fights were held to gain their independence from the many sufferings of the Java.
The war between Chinese and Indonesia against the Netherlands was ignited.
NOTE: Even though with the many many fights of the Javanese (and Chinese) against the Dutch, they still failed not until the early 20th century when nationalism emerged.
Malaysia
The Malay chiefs did not fight or challenge the authority of the British, if not, they actually collaborated with them.
The Malay chiefs still held their power and still benefited even with the British around, so they agreed to collaborate.
LESSON 3: Colonial Rules & Policies and Response to Colonialism in Mainland SEA (Part 2)
The colonial rules and policies for Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, and Vietnam are in this lesson. If you also want to learn how these people/countries responded to colonialism and their unfair treatment, this is the right place for you.
Colonization: How it Started
Burma (present day Myanmar)
Started with the Anglo-Burmese war where they had a territorial dispute
The British aimed to expand their power and territory in the lands of Burma to further support their industries and counter the French influence in the Konbaung dynasty
In 1826, the British defeated Burma, but only in 1885—during the end of the last Anglo-Burmese war—did Burma become part of the British Raj as one of its provinces.
British Raj - The term used for British rule in South Asia from 1858 to 1947
Cambodia
Cambodia was always caught in the conflicts between Siam (Thailand) and Vietnam, resulting in their interference with Cambodian affairs until the second Siamese-Vietnamese war where they both agreed to jointly administer the country.
To safeguard Cambodia, Ang Duong sought support from the Europeans, and by 1863, the French persuaded Norodom I to sign an agreement to place the country as a protectorate of France.
Under this agreement, France would provide protection to Cambodia against any intrusion from Siam or Vietnam, but in exchange, they would have to sacrifice their freedom.
Became part of the French Indochina
Vietnam
Vietnam had favorable relations with France until Gia Long’s death, being succeeded by Minh Mang. He was a conservative supporter of confucianism, so in 1826, he terminated any diplomatic relations between the two kingdoms.
Driven to expand the French empire, Napoleon III sent military forces to Vietnam to colonize it.
Colonial Methods and Policies
A. Burma (Present day Myanmar) - Great Britain
Methods
Direct colonialism
Lasted from 1824 - 1948 (124 years)
They prohibited the organization of political groups except religious groups.
Separated the state and religion. Because of this, the Sangha’s influence reduced drastically, restricting their involvement in the government, especially in the education system.
Policies
Education System
Before this policy, all young boys had to go through the sangha to become novice monks and receive education
The British implemented a modern education system that no longer required the involvement of the sangha (Buddhist monastic community or the monks).
Because of this, the influence of the sangha weakened in Burmese society.
Other ethnic groups actually embraced this change as it provided opportunities for minority groups to have access to education and anyone who finished this system had an opportunity to work in the government.
B. Cambodia - France
Methods
Direct and dualistic rule
1863 - 1953 (90 years)
In 1884, Norodom I signed another agreement extending French power within the country in which it allowed French residents to be appointed in provinces, slavery would be abolished, and private ownership of lands would begin.
Cambodians weren’t very happy with this, but it was too late. This system went on for the next 80 years.
Retained its noble family, but the French held true power in politics, foreign relations, infrastructure, and natural resources
Vietnam and Siam still tried to interfere in both Cambodia’s politics and territory.
Sentiments against the French slowly started developing as they did not interfere with crucial aspects of Cambodian culture, such as the monarchy and religion. Their state wasn’t improving at all even with the amount of efforts the French put in.
Policies
Tributary System
Acknowledgement in exchange of PROTECTION giving food, people, and resources in exchange of protection!
Some protested, but the French arrested those who were suspected
Corvee Labor
Introduced modern INFRASTRUCTURE, making railways and roads
Used heavy TAXATION and FORCED LABOR
People who can’t pay are forced to labor for 9 days
Dualistic Rule
The Cambodian monarchy was still alive, but less power
Similar to PH’s “Puppet Government”
C. Vietnam - French
Methods
Direct and dualistic rule
1859 - 1954 (95 years)
A justification for intervention —> the Vietnamese killed the French Catholic for preaching the word.
French IMPRISONED many activist
Prioritized EXPORTS causing shortages and crisis
Education was only given to the “small elites” (Very very rich people)
Policies
Treaty of Saigon
The French were already in Southern Vietnam and caused conflict
NORTH VIETNAM (INDIRECT RULE)
Operated by puppet emperors and local officials
MIDDLE (INDIRECT)
French officials managed the economy, governance, etc.
SOUTH VIETNAM (DIRECT)
b. Geneva Accords
Series of AGREEMENTS that resulted in the division of Vietnam
Response to Colonial Rule
Burma (present day Myanmar)
A combination of peaceful protest and rebellion/uprisings
New generation of educated Burmese became the catalyst (or the one who started) for NATIONALIST movements, ex:
Young Men’s Buddhist Association (YMBA)
Cambodia
It was mostly peaceful with educated Cambodians leading them. Only one violent incident was recorded against the French colonial government.
Peaceful protest
As the taxation was high, Cambodians expressed their dissatisfaction through a peaceful demonstration. The French did not overlook it, so they arrested and imprisoned anyone suspected of these protests.
Son Ngoc Tranh and Pach Chhoeun started the Nagara Vatta where they criticized various colonial policies, abuse, lack of opportunities, and unequal treatment of Khmer and Vietnamese individuals.
Violent incident
The Bardez Incident is the one and only recorded violent reaction from the Burmese towards the French where they killed Felix Louiz Bardez over a tax related incident.
Vietnam
Violent response; Protests, resistance, and a war for independence was held. Ex:
Duy Than Hoi
ANTI-FRENCH organization supporting MODERN ideas and technology.
Vietnamese Nationalist Party
MOVEMENTS of protests and resistance against the French
Indochinese Communist Party
Leader: Ho Chi Minh
Emphasized REVOLUTIONARY ACTION
Believed VIOLENCE was the most effective way
LESSON 4: Japanese Imperialism in the 20th Century
PART I: RISE OF IMPERIAL JAPAN
Japan was ruled by an emperor, but back then, true power rested on the shogun. After becoming shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu establishes a military government, called the Tokugawa shogunate, or the Tokugawa bakufu. Enraged at the fact that Western trade and connections threaten to destroy Japan’s cultural identity, the Tokugawa implements sakoku, a policy that closes the country’s borders, sealing it from the outside world. The following, however, were permitted:
Dutch merchants, because they were only interested in trade and not in spreading religion, especially Christianity, which the Tokugawa hate.
China, because it was a very valuable trading partner, and also they aren’t interested in spreading religion.
This went on for about 200 years, until 1853, when the American Commodore Matthew Perry arrived to discuss the terms of Japan opening its borders to the outside world. The Tokugawa, now satisfied with the cultural prosperity achieved during sakoku, agreed in the 1854 Kanagawa Treaty. The US, Britain, and France are now allowed to trade with Japan. Then they were overthrown by the Meiji Restoration, which put the emperor back in power and also modernized / Westernized Japan:
The government was revised to be more Western
The Constitution was rewritten to be like the US Constitution
The samurai was abolished in favor of a more Western, conscripted army trained by Germany
Their navy was reformed and trained by the British
Obviously the samurai hated the third bit, so in 1877 they launched the Satsuma Rebellion, and failed. Eventually, the Japanese started to like the idea of invading stuff, so they participated in many wars.
Fast-forward into 1929, when the US economy went down in the Great Depression. Due to the US being a major trading partner, many countries were affected, especially Japan. Since their economy was bad, they embarked on a conquering spree in order to gain resources (and also to conquer Asia), occupying Manchuria, China, and Southeast Asia. They also joined the Axis Powers consisting of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, alienating them from their former allies the British and Americans. The Pearl Harbor ambush was the last straw, culminating in World War II which Japan lost and became a democracy.
What happened in Pearl Harbor? The Japanese launched a sneak attack on the US base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in order to cripple their fleet.
PART II: CAMPAIGNS OF IMPERIAL JAPAN
First Sino-Japanese War (1894 - 1895)
Started due to tensions over control of Korea, which both Japan and China coveted
Proud fleet of China, the Beiyang Fleet, sunk in combat at the Battle of the Yalu River
Ended in the Treaty of Shimonoseki;
Taiwan, Penghu Islands, and Liaodong Peninsula are ceded to Japan
China is forced to pay heavy war reparations aka big money
Korea gains independence from China, with Japan gaining a huge influence in it
Triple Intervention: Russia, France and Germany manage to negotiate the return of the Liaodong Peninsula in exchange for even heavier reparations from China
Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905)
Fought over control of Korea and Manchuria
First time an Asian country is able to defeat a European power in war
Russian Baltic Fleet devastated at the Battle of Tsushima
Ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth;
Liaodong Peninsula ceded to Japan, again
Confirms Japan’s status as a world power
Russian public is upset by this defeat, sparking the Russian Revolution
World War I (1914 - 1918)
Japan only participated to protect its colonies and to expand their influence in Asia
German territories in Southeast Asia, including a Chinese port called Tsingtao, were seized by Japanese naval and land forces
Japan joins the present-day UN, the League of Nations
Invasion of Manchuria (1931)
Started by the Mukden Incident, where units of the Japanese Kwantung Army deliberately exploded a Japanese railway in order to justify their eventual attack
Manchuria is renamed Manchukuo with Henry Pu Yi installed as emperor
Japan gets isolated from the League of Nations, eventually leaving the organization in 1933
Second Sino-Japanese War (1937 - 1945)
Started by the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, where Chinese troops open fire on the Japanese searching for a missing comrade
Northern China easily falls as the Chiang Kai-Shek’s nationalist Kuomintang are embroiled in civil war with Mao Zedong’s Communist Red Army
Nanjing Massacre; 200,000 Chinese civilians are massacred by the Japanese army during the Fall of Nanjing
Japanese Imperialism in South-East Asia
Made by Javier Tan and Chloe Mesina
Invasion of the Philippines (1941 - 1942)
First attack was on December 8, 1941
US-Filipino defenders are overwhelmed and retreat to Bataan and later the island of Corregidor
General Douglas MacArthur declares Manila an open city (January 2, 1942), wanting to prevent a similar event like the Nanjing Massacre from happening
The defense continued until May 6, 1942, when Corregidor finally fell
Bataan Death March; surviving defenders from Bataan are forced to march 60-70 miles on foot from Mariveles, Bataan to Capas, Tarlac
Philippines becomes a puppet government under president Jose P. Laurel
Explanation:
Colonial Method - Direct and Dualistic as even though Japan had almost all the power, the local government was still in charge but simply carrying out the orders of their colonizers, hence the puppet government.
Length of Colonization - 3 years, 1942 to 1945 starting from Corregidor’s downfall in May of 1942 and ending in July of 1945 when the Americans came back just as they promised.
Colonial Policies - Divide and Rule, Mickey Mouse Money, One Party System.
Divide and Rule: The Japanese relied on the Filipino elite that collaborated with them to rule the Philippines, as evidenced by the puppet regime Second Philippine Republic under President Jose P. Laurel.
Mickey Mouse Money: Military notes ranging from 1 centavo to 20 pesos. US dollars were prohibited, but the peso was allowed. They were printed on low quality without serial numbers so the value of the peso decreased.
One Party System: KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) was established during the Japanese Col. It was made as the Central Government of the whole country.
Colonial Response - Peaceful and Violent: Some Filipinos accepted the Japanese for different reasons (For President Laurel it was to minimize damages), and Violent because some Filipinos chose to fight against them (Hukbalahap, guerillas)
Invasion of the Dutch East Indies (1941 - 1942)
First Japanese Invasion was on January 1, 1942, but occupation was only completed in March due to the vast islands.
The combined naval forces of the US, the British, and the Dutch were defeated in the Battle of Java Sea in February of that year, later cementing Japanese rule in Indonesia on March 9, 1942 when the Dutch formally surrendered the colony to the Japanese.
Surprisingly, many Indonesians embraced the Japanese because of their expulsion of Europeans. But at some point as well, the Indonesians did not welcome the Japanese either.
At the time, the nationalist movement in Indonesia was strong, so the Japanese decided to split the governance: Japanese 16th army had Java and Madura, 25th Army had Sumatra, and the other islands in the East were placed under control of the Japanese Navy.
There was a lot, as in A LOT of exploitation when it came to Indonesia’s natural resources.
Revolutionary figures Sukarno and Muhammad Hatta collaborated with the occupiers to gain independence.
Explanation:
Colonial Method - Direct and Dualistic as the Japanese had most control, but some Indonesians in power still had control as well.
Length of Colonization - 3 years, 1942 to 1945 starting from March 9, 1942 to the August/September of 1945 when the Japanese surrendered.
Colonial Policies - Forced Labor, Divide and Rule, Bahasa Indonesia and Nihongo, and Anti-European Sentiments.
Forced Labor - Indonesians and Dutch prisoners of war were imprisoned in labor camps and forced to work on railroad tracks in Burma/Myanmar and Thailand. They were known as romusha.
Divide and Rule - As said before, the Japanese split the governance: Japanese 16th army had Java and Madura, 25th Army had Sumatra, and the other islands in the East were placed under control of the Japanese Navy.
Bahasa Indonesia and Nihongo - The use of Dutch as a language was prohibited and replaced by this policy: people were only allowed to speak Bahasa Indonesia and/or Nihongo.
Anti-European Sentiments - The Japanese allowed protests against Europeans and the use of anti-Dutch elements in all arts were also allowed.
Colonial Response - Peaceful for the most part with Sukarno and Hatta collaborating with the Japanese. The Japanese allowed them to spread ideologies and nationalist ideas publicly.
Invasion of Burma (1941 - 1942)
At the start of the occupation, the Japanese forces were supported by Aung San, the founder of the Burma Independence Army (BIA). But because Aung San was aiming for Burma to be an independent sovereign nation and the Japanese didn’t grant it immediately, a provisional government was created instead;
The provisional government was led by Ba Maw, and Aung San as the minister of war.
In August of 1943, Burma was declared as a free state but the Japanese still had power over them.
In 1944 after Aung San didn’t believe in the Japanese anymore, he as well as other personalities opposing the Japanese created the Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL) to oppose Japanese occupation/rule in the country.
The AFPFL attacked the Japanese and assisted the British.
They considered the Japanese occupation a Reign of Terror, especially with the Kempeitai around.
Explanation:
Colonial Method - Direct and Dualistic as though local leaders still had power, the Japanese were mostly behind the scenes still controlling the country.
Length of Colonization - 3 years, 1942 to 1945 starting from January of 1942 to May 1945.
Colonial Policies - Divide and Rule, Kempeitai, and Exploitation of Natural Resources.
Divide and Rule - The Japanese allied with Aung San and his nationalists and established another puppet government with Ba Maw as head of state.
Kempeitai - Military police of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Exploitation of Natural Resources - Burma was important to the Japanese because of its strategic location and natural resources. The Japanese used their resources for themselves.
Colonial Response - Peaceful and Violent; At first Aung San collaborated with the occupiers, but later on formed the AFPFL against them.
Occupation of Vietnam
Even before Japan’s invasion of SEA, the French colonizers were already receiving requests from the Japanese to enter/occupy Vietnam.
France allowed Japan to use Vietnam due to being already defeated and conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940.
In the agreement Governor General Decoux signed, the Japanese forces were only allowed to enter Northern Vietnam.
At first, many of the Vietnamese collaborated with Japan as they believed an Asian colonizer was better than a Western one, hence the label for the Japanese was created: “Saviors from the French”.
In 1945 the French were kicked out from Vietnam; puppet regime installed with Bao Dai as emperor
Japanese colonisation opposed by Communist guerilla group Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh
Explanation:
Colonial Method - Direct and Dualistic because at the time, the Vietnamese were occupied and controlled by both France and Japan.
Length of Colonization - 4 years, 1941 to 1945 starting from some time in 1941 and ending in the September of 1945.
Colonial Policies - Divide and Rule, Cash crop economy, and Military Presence.
Divide and Rule - The Japanese exploited the fact that Vietnam was still technically under French rule, letting the French silence the natives while exploiting its natural resources. They also established yet another puppet government under emperor Bao Dai after the French were kicked off in 1945.
Cash crop economy - Agricultural crops that are planted for the purpose of selling on the market or for export to make profit. In Vietnam’s case, agricultural products were replaced with cotton, rubber and jute for Japanese soldiers. This led to the country’s production of local necessities dropping.
Military Presence - From 1941, Vietnam had to bear the increasing Japanese military presence.
Colonial Response - Violent, because of the Viet Minh’s continued guerrilla attacks.
ADDITIONAL INFO
Allied Powers - One of the main alliances in WW2 consisting of the United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, Australia, China and their colonies and other allies.
Axis Powers - The other main alliance in WW2 consisting of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Imperial Japan, and their other allies.
Kuomintang - The Chinese nationalist party led by Chiang Kai-Shek. Their military branch is
the National Revolutionary Army
Japanese Army - Trained by Germany
Japanese Navy - Trained by Great Britain
Mutsuhito - Another name for Emperor Meiji
Matsuoka Yosuke - Japanese Prime Minister who coined the term “Greater East Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere”
Lesson 5: Challenges in the Philippine’ Independence after WW2
Political Challenges
Elite Democracy
A government where a small group of usually rich and upper-class people are in charge of decision making
Plutocracy
A government influenced by the rich and privileged enough. (Similar to Elite Democracy)
Neocolonialism
Indirect control and influencing other countries.
“Neo” meaning the new/modern way
Mostly indirect military and political control
ex:
U.S. giving old military aid (planes and more) to the Philippines
Checks and Balances
A system which is responsible for balancing power and money of the government officials.
Rampant Corruption
People in power ABUSED it for personal gain
/ \
Breaks trust abuses the power for themselves
II. Economic Challenges
Increasing Gap Between Social Class
Inequality of the rich and poor (between wealth, income, treatment, etc.)
Failing Agricultural Sector
Impact on farmers between their low incomes, decreased food security, and relying on imported agricultural products
Lack of Industrial Bases
Limited capacity to develop and sustain big industries
III. Cultural and Societal Challenges
Loss of Filipino Identity
A lot of diverse cultures because of colonization.
Made us get influenced in other traditions
ex:
Clothing: Barong Tagalog → Tuxedo
Loss of programs for Ethnic groups
Emerging communist and moro groups
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
Established by Nur Misuari
Identify and solve the discrimination of Muslims in Mindanao
peace talks, negotations, and violence were made
Christians/Catholics discriminated Muslims
Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)
They are against the goverment
A political party
Uses kidnapping, ambushes, guerilla attacks,
Lesson 6: Challenges after Bandung Conference
Made by Lucas Casupang
Global North - colonizer and developed countries; 1st world countries
Global South - conquered and developing countries
What is the Bandung Conference?
Political planning of the 5 countries with 29 countries in total gathering after WW2 discussing about their issues after gaining independence, role in Cold War, and political visions
Peace, economic development, and decolonization
The original 5 countries included Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Indonesia. More governments especially from Africa started joining as they dreamed for true independence from the western countries.
Challenges after the Bandung Conference in Mainland SEA
Cambodia
Khemer Rouge
Ruled Cambodia for quite a while
Winning power through a guerilla war
Many mass killings/genocide
Laos
Neutral → Battlegrounds
The Secret War
Bombing campaign by US
Was NOT announced to the general public
Contaminated many cities/places
Myanmar
China invested because of strategic location
Ethnic Conflict
British favored certain ethnic groups
Vietnam
17th Parallel
After WW2, country was divided into 2
Economy DECLINED (war, trading conflict, lack of resources)
IV. Challenges after the Bandung Conference in Mainland SEA
Timor Leste (before East Timor)
Youngest nation in SEA
Became an independent country in 2002
Carnation Revolution
Symbol of peacefulness
Portuguese army SURRENDERED
Would put flowers on their gun as a sign of peacefulness
Indonesia’s Occupation
Mass killings
UN transitional Authority in East Timor
Monitor the establishment of democracy
References:
-Soc Sci Book
-Britannica
-and more!