AP Summative Test 1 Reviewer

Definition: The gradual process of political, economic, and cultural integration driven by the worldwide exchange of products, ideas, and technology.
Supraterritorial Relations: Defined by Heywood ( $2003$ ) as the growth of "supraterritorial" relations across borders as physical geography becomes less relevant.
Economic Basis: Primarily understood as the increasing interdependence of national markets and production through trade in goods and services, cross-border capital flows, and technological exchanges.
Global Vision: Framed by US Former Pres. B. Obama as an unprecedented opportunity and profound responsibility to establish an inclusive global economy that leaves no one behind.

Economic Globalization: Expansion of international trade systems managed by transnational actors, such as corporations and NGOs.
Financial Globalization: Development of a globally interconnected financial architecture featuring cross-border currency and financial transactions.
Cultural Globalization: Interpenetration of cultures where societies adopt external customs, principles, and beliefs, potentially leading to a homogenized supra-culture.
Sociological Globalization: Rapid, real-time dissemination of information, heightened interdependence of global events, and extensive international human migration.
Political Globalization: Elevation of governmental action to the international plane through multilateral organizations such as the UN and WHO.
Technological Globalization: Worldwide digital connectivity facilitated by online platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, Skype, and Youtube.
Geographic Globalization: Dynamic realignment of world regions paired with accessible, low-barrier international travel.
Ecological Globalization: Perception of planet Earth as a shared, interconnected ecosystem requiring collective stewardship of the global climate and atmosphere.

Political Issues: Questions, debates, and disputes regarding societal governance, allocation of power and resources, and the formulation of public policies, rooted in varying principles of justice and fairness.
Economic Issues: Challenges revolving around the efficient and equitable distribution of scarce resources—such as money, food, energy, employment, and land—to sustain human life.
Three Central Economic Questions:
- What to produce?
- How to produce?
- For whom to produce?

Socio-Economic Complications: Core labor and humanitarian challenges include unemployment, underemployment, forced labor, brain drain and brawn drain, the social costs of migration, and human trafficking.

PSA FIES 2023 Income Brackets (5-Member Household):
- Poor: Monthly income below $\text{₱}12,030$ ( $22.4\%$ ).
- Low Income: $\text{₱}12,030$ to $\text{₱}36,090$ ( $38.6\%$ ); comprises the working poor who sit above official poverty lines yet remain economically vulnerable.
- Lower-Middle Income: $\text{₱}36,090$ to $\text{₱}72,180$ ( $22.1\%$ ).
- Middle Income: $\text{₱}72,180$ to $\text{₱}216,540$ ( $12.8\%$ ).
- Upper / Rich: Above $\text{₱}216,540$ ( $4.1\%$ ).
Projected 2026 Filipino Income Groups (5-Member Household):
- Poor: Under $\text{₱}13,727$ .
- Low Income (Not Poor): $\text{₱}13,727$ to $\text{₱}27,454$ .
- Lower Middle Income: $\text{₱}27,454$ to $\text{₱}54,909$ .
- Middle Class: $\text{₱}54,909$ to $\text{₱}109,818$ .
- Upper Middle Class: $\text{₱}109,818$ to $\text{₱}219,635$ .
- Upper Income (Not Rich): $\text{₱}219,635$ to $\text{₱}438,271$ .
- Rich: At least $\text{₱}438,271$ .

RA 11310 (4Ps Act of 2019): Establishes the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino conditional cash transfer program into permanent national law for the bottom $20\%$ of households; beneficiaries cannot be disqualified without due process.
RA 10707 (Solo Parents Act, 2015 Amendment): Guarantees statutory social benefits, financial aid, and flexible working conditions for single parents.
RA 11291 (Magna Carta of the Poor, 2019): Enforces a legal social protection floor for citizens below the poverty line.
RA 9994 (Expanded Senior Citizens Act): Grants a $20\%$ discount on essential services and mandatory PhilHealth coverage for senior citizens aged $60$ and above.
RA 10533 (K to 12 Act): Mandates free public basic education spanning Kindergarten through Grade $12$ .
Public Welfare Rights and Services:
- Free legal services provided by the Public Attorney's Office (PAO) with no income threshold qualification.
- Indigent hospitalization coverage financed through the PhilHealth Indigent Program.
- 4Ps income stipends for households in the lowest decile with dependents aged $0$ to $18$ .
- Emergency crisis grants through the DSWD Assistance to Individuals in Crisis Situations (AICS).
- Libreng Sakay free bus transportation across Metro Manila designated for commuters, students, and seniors.

Measurement Standards: Global Finance Magazine assesses international poverty using:
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Total market value of all finished goods and services produced within a nation.
- Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): The domestic purchasing power of a currency relative to international equivalents (e.g., standard meal costs relative to $\text{₱}100$ ).
IMF World Economic Outlook (April 2025 Rankings):
- Poorest evaluated nations include Burundi (Rank $2$ ), Central African Republic (Rank $3$ ), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Rank $4$ ), Mozambique (Rank $5$ ), and Niger (Rank $6$ ).
- The Philippines holds Rank $73$ globally in current international dollars adjusted for PPP.

Inquiry on Governance: How does globalization impact politics and governance at the international and national levels?
Inquiry on Pandemics: What particular global issue or issues affect society during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Think, Pair, Share Task:
- Prompt: Form a pair with your seatmate and discuss the following statement for $3$ minutes: "There is hope for the Philippine economy if we show we are serious in corruption."