World History Review

1) Common goals at Congress of Vienna

• Restore balance of power by redrawing map of Europe so no one has too much power

• Maintain absolute rule and suppress liberal ideas - keep everything conservative and do things like they always have been

• Resulted in Concert of Europe - system where European powers cooperated to maintain stability

2) Causes of 19th century revolutions

• liberal origins:

  • Civil Rights - people demanded constitutions, suffrage, and political representation

  • Ethnic nationalism - several groups like Greeks, Belgians, and Poles sought independence from empires

  • Economic Reasons - Industrialization led to worker exploitation and economic instability which sparked revolts. the poor wanted more

3) Greek and Belgian Revolutions

• Greek

  • Fought for independence from the ottoman empire (turks)

  • gained international support due to admiration for classical Greece and Christian solidarity

• Belgium

  • Revolted against Dutch by citing cultural and religious differences

  • Became a neutral state after securing independence

4) Junkers

• German elite who run the country and want to unify German states

• Own a lot of land in Prussia

5) German Unification

• Northern unification happened first, before Southern.

• Northern

  • Schleswig & Holstein - Prussia wanted these states but Denmark and Austria are in the way

• Southern

  • Catholic & more liberal

  • Franco-Prussian War - start war w/ France in hope of southern states joining which they later did

    • War proved Germany was the strongest country

    • Later capture Napoleon and Spain, Alsace & Lorraine, becoming bigger with new territory

    • King Wilhelm gives Bismarck his blessing and gets crowned at Versailles to piss off the French

6) Industrial Revolution

• When

  • late 1700s (late 18th century)

• Where

  • Britain

• First Industry

  • Textiles

• Why

  • increasing population

  • natural resources in Britain

  • colonies (imperialism) - provided raw materials and markets

  • Stable political system that encouraged investment

  • economic strength

7) Results of Industrialization

• Mass production - factories replaced handcrafting

• innovation and applied science

• urbanization - growing cities leading to slums and diseases

• New Social classes - middle class gained influence and working class suffered from poor conditions

• Social mobility increased- education and wealth creation

• Foreign Policy (Imperialism) - more nations that start industrializations become imperialism nations

8) Adam Smith

• advocated laissez-faire (self-interest) - govt should keep hands off economy but not 100% laissez-faire

• Government’s roles: provide schools, provide and build roads, and provide army for nation

9) Karl Marx/Marxism

• father of socialism, thought laissez-faire was garbage, advocated for poor.

• communism vs. socialism

• communist manifesto - predicted class struggle and revolution

10) Classical vs. Contemporary Liberalism

• Classical

• Contemporary

  • want gov. to be involved, environmental improvements, taxation and who benefits form it

11) Social Darwinism

• “survival of the fittest”

• used to conquest other countries, justify racist actions and beliefs, just extreme nationality, used to build stronger and a more powerful military to conquer other countries

12) Otto von Bismarck

• Realpolitik - policies based on pragmatism, not ideology

• advocated “Blood & iron” - if there’s war needed to accomplish a goal, they go to war

13) William/Wilhelm of Prussia

• Kaiser (Emperor)

• gave blessing to Bismarck, crowned at Versailles to piss off French

14) Charles Darwin

• was very controversial

• said we share a common ancestor (monkey)

• Herbert Spencer took Darwin’s ideas of evolution and applied it to society

• Social Darwinism vs. Enlightenment ideas: we’re not equal/we’re better than others vs. we’re all equal

15) Urban Problems

16) Map of Europe c. 1870 (5 nations)