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Course Overview of HUBS191

  • First Semester Paper: Introduction to human anatomy and physiology.

  • NCEA Level 2 Biology Requirement.

  • Course Structure:

    • 36 Lectures

    • 5 Labs (3 hours each)

  • Textbook Reference: Martini et al, Visual Anatomy and Physiology.

  • Assessment Breakdown:

    • Lab Attendance: 10%

    • Terms Tests: Two MCQs (1st - 8%, 2nd - 12%, totaling 20%)

    • Final Exam in June: 70% (includes multiple choice and short answer questions).

  • Content Overlap: Expect overlap between lab and lecture content; minimal additional learning needed.

Modules Covered

  • Five Main Modules:

    • Musculoskeletal System

    • Biological Statistics

    • Nervous System

    • Endocrine System

    • Immunological System

Study Tips for HUBS191

  • Memorization Emphasis: Expect heavy memorization; concepts like tissue types will be reiterated.

  • Utilize Resources: Attend hall tutorials and consider Crimson tutoring for varied perspectives on the content.

  • Lab Importance: Labs enhance understanding, engage with demonstrators for better comprehension.

Progress and Final Exam

  • Progress Tests #1 & #2:

    • Format: Multiple choice with approximately 25 questions each.

    • Study Techniques: Use flashcards and practice MCQs for retention.

  • Final Exam Details:

    • Majority MCQ (80 questions) with 4 short essays (2-3 questions each).

    • Different study strategies required for essays: utilize mind mapping and practice writing.

Human Tissue Act 2008

  • Study Guidelines:

    • Bodies are donated through bequests, requiring consent from the donor and immediate family.

    • Respectful handling of donated tissue is paramount.

Types of Tissue

  • Definition: Tissues are made of cells and extracellular matrix components.

  • Four Main Types of Tissue:

    1. Epithelial Tissue

    2. Connective Tissue

    3. Muscle Tissue

    4. Nervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

  • Types:

    • Epithelia: Sheets of similar cells (e.g., skin, digestive tract).

    • Glands: Endocrine (hormonal) and exocrine (secreting outside).

  • Functions:

    • Protection, sensation, permeability control, and secretion production.

Connective Tissue

  • Types:

    • Connective Tissue Proper: Loose and dense forms.

    • Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood and lymph.

    • Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage and bone.

  • Functions:

    • Protect organs, defend against pathogens, energy storage, support/couple other tissues, transport materials.

Muscle Tissue

  • Types:

    • Skeletal Muscle (voluntary movement), Cardiac Muscle (heart), Smooth Muscle (involuntary).

  • Functions:

    • Skeletal movement, tissue support, blood circulation, internal material movement.

Nervous Tissue

  • Types:

    • Neurons and Glia (support cells).

  • Functions:

    • Maintain nerve health, supply nutrients, conduct electrical signals, facilitate repair.

Anatomical Position and Movement Planes

  • Anatomical Position: Standard reference point (upright, forward-facing, feet together, palms forward).

  • Movement Planes:

    • Coronal: Divides body into front/back.

    • Sagittal: Divides body into left/right.

    • Transversal: Divides body into upper/lower.

Directional Terminology

  • Positional Terms:

    • Anterior: In front.

    • Posterior: Behind.

    • Superior: Above.

    • Inferior: Below.

    • Medial: Closer to midline.

    • Lateral: Further from midline.

    • Proximal: Closer to trunk (limb only).

    • Distal: Further from trunk (limb only).

    • Deep: Further from surface.

    • Superficial: Closer to surface.

Muscle Movement Terminology

  • Sagittal Plane Movements:

    • Flexion, Extension, Dorsiflexion, Plantar Flexion.

  • Coronal Plane Movements:

    • Abduction and Adduction.

  • Transverse Plane Movement:

    • Rotation.

Specialized Movements

  • Types:

    • Pronation, Supination, Inversion, Eversion.

Skeletal Structure - Functions and Features

  • Primary Functions:

    • Support against gravity, movement aid via levers, protect organs.

  • Other Functions:

    • Mineral storage (calcium, iron), red blood cell formation in bone marrow.

Bone Structure Types

  • Compact Bone: Dense, strong, transmits force in one direction.

  • Cancellous Bone: Light, spongy, shock-absorbing, multi-directional force resistance.

Bone Classifications

  • Types:

    • Long, Short, Flat, Irregular Bones.

    • Long Bones: Lever-like (e.g., femur).

    • Short Bones: Weight-bearing (e.g., wrist bones).

    • Flat Bones: Muscle attachment (e.g., skull).

    • Irregular Bones: Unique shapes (e.g., vertebrae).

Axial Skeleton

  • Function: Protects vital organs (skull, vertebrae, ribs).

  • Components: Cranium, facial bones, vertebral column, rib cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

  • Function: Facilitates body movement.

  • Components: Limbs, includes shoulder/hip joints.

Limb Structure Formula**

  • Structure: 1 proximal long bone (Humerus/Femur), 2 distal long bones (radius/ulna, tibia/fibula), plus hand or foot.

Summary of Key Concepts

  • Tissue Types: Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, Nervous.

  • Movement Planes: Coronal, Sagittal, Transversal.

  • Directional Terminology: Essential for anatomical communication.

  • Skeletal Structure: Four bone types, axial and appendicular division, limb structure involves core bone formulation.