Study Guide: Exam 3 Zool 2013, Spring 2022

General Exam Information

Topics for the exam are from Chapters 9-11 in the textbook.
Content NOT covered in class or in PowerPoints will NOT be on the exam.

Chapter 9: Joints

Classifications of Joints
- Understand structural and motion-based classifications.
Diarthrodial Joints
- Know the 6 types of joints based on planes of motion:
  - Uniaxial: Movement in one plane, examples include hinge joints and pivot joints.
  - Biaxial: Movement in two planes, examples include saddle joints and condyloid joints.
  - Multiaxial: Movement in multiple planes, examples include ball-and-socket joints.
Examples of Each Joint Type
- Hinge Joint: Elbow
- Pivot Joint: Neck
- Saddle Joint: Thumb
- Condyloid Joint: Wrist
- Ball-and-Socket Joint: Shoulder and Hip
Structure of a Synovial Joint
- Composed of:
  - Articular cartilage
  - Joint cavity
  - Synovial membrane
  - Ligaments
Accessory Structures of a Synovial Joint
- Bursae
- Tendons
- Menisci (articular discs)
Conditions Discussed Concerning Joints
- Arthritis
- Dislocation
- Sprains
Joint Motions
- Flexion/Extension
- Abduction/Adduction
- Rotation
- Circumduction
Unique Characteristics of Selected Joints
- Understand what makes each joint unique in terms of mechanics, movement capabilities, and injury susceptibility.
- NOTE: You do NOT need to memorize every labeled structure of the joints discussed.

Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue

Functions of the Muscle System
- Movement
- Posture
- Heat production
Characteristics of ALL Muscle Tissue
- Excitability
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
Unique Characteristics of the 3 Muscle Tissues
- Skeletal Muscle: Striated, voluntary, multi-nucleated.
- Cardiac Muscle: Striated, involuntary, single nucleated, intercalated discs.
- Smooth Muscle: Non-striated, involuntary, single nucleated.
Arrangement of Muscle
- Layers of muscle: epimysium (outer), perimysium (bundle), and endomysium (individual muscle fibers).
Special Names of Muscle Cell Parts
- Myofibrils
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- T-tubules
Parts of a Sarcomere
- Z-line
- A-band
- I-band
- H-zone
- M-line
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
- Understand how the action potential is transmitted from nerve to muscle fiber and triggers contraction.
Muscle Contraction Process
- Mechanism of contraction involves interaction between actin and myosin filaments, resulting in shortening of the sarcomere.
Filaments
- Thick Filaments: Composed of myosin
- Thin Filaments: Composed of actin, along with troponin and tropomyosin for regulation.
ATP Generation in Muscle
- ATP is generated through aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and creatine phosphate utilization.
Conditions Related to Muscle
- Muscular dystrophy
- Myopathy
- Muscle atrophy and hypertrophy
Muscle Growth and Loss Terms
- Hypertrophy: Increase in muscle size
- Atrophy: Decrease in muscle size
Types of Contractions
- Isometric
- Isotonic (concentric and eccentric)
Motor Units
- Definition: A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.
- Role in muscle contraction and recruitment of muscle fibers for force generation.
Types of Muscle Fibers
- Type I: Slow-twitch fibers (fatigue resistant)
- Type IIa: Fast-twitch fibers (moderate fatigue resistance)
- Type IIb: Fast-twitch fibers (fatigues quickly)
Exam Requirement
- Be prepared to describe/explain a picture related to muscle tissue that is familiar from course materials.

Chapter 11: The Muscular System

Muscle Names Familiar from Lab Work
- Specific muscles relevant to the course will be included in exam questions; comprehensive memorization is not required.
Origin vs Insertion
- Origin: The fixed point of attachment of a muscle.
- Insertion: The movable point of attachment of a muscle.