Bones

Hematopoiesis = blood cell production

Bones produce a hormone called osteocalcin - which protects against diabetes and glucose intolerance.

Adult humans have 206 bones

• Shape:
  Long bones longer than wide
  Short bones short cube like
  Flat bones thin ones
  Irregular bones can't classify

Bone anatomy

• Compact bone - outer hard layer

• Spongey porous(trabeculae)~resist stress & have bone marrow → red=blood cells | yellow =fat

• LAMELLAE - circular rings within bones

  • Lacunae - the small spaces in between the lamellae
    

• Flared ends = epiphyses AKA spongy bone
  Middle = diaphysis
  Middle layer = medullary cavity
  

Bone remodeling~
Osteo blasts & Osteo clasts
#1. O. Blasts: bone makers - Cartilage is framework for bone
#2. O. Clasts: bone breakers

#3 O. Cytes - Security guards of bones(immune system kinda thing)

4 - osteogenic cells eventually turn into osteoblasts

Joints

Vertebral column - 33

moving types

• Synarthrosis - Non-moving(SKULL)

• Amphiarthroses - partly moving(spINE)

• Diarthroses - Fully movable(LIMBS)

Structural classification of joints

• Fibrous - Connect bones with dense fibrous connective tissue,, and dont move

• Cartilaginous - Unite bones with hyaline cartilage and dont move very much

• Synovial - separated by a fluid lubricant(synovial fluid) and has articular cartilage, and ligaments

TYpes of SYNOVIAL Joints

• Plane - Gliding movements

• Hinge - elbows and knees, single axis

• condylar - base of fingers… allows the fourmain movement types

• Pivot

• ball-and-socket - shoulder and hip

• saddle - base ofthumb.. joint looks like someone sitting on a saddle

Movement types

• Gliding - uses the plane joint

• Angular- any movement that changes an angle

  • Flexion & Extension… Hyperextension

  • Abduction(away from body) & Adduction(toward body)

  • Circumduction - a circular motion combining the main 4 previous

• Rotational - moves in a circle around its axis

  • pronation - going forward/in … supination - going backward/out