Recording-2025-03-03T18:38:55.118Z

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Importance: Essential knowledge for healthcare college and ATITs; understanding human anatomy and physiology is crucial to passing exams and succeeding in health-related fields.

Anatomical Terminology

• Common Terms: Familiarity with the anatomical terms is necessary.

  • Cephalic: Head.

  • Cranial: Skull.

  • Facial: Face.

  • Frontal: Forehead.

  • Occipital: Base of the skull.

  • Temporal: Temple region.

  • Cervical: Neck region.

  • Sternal: Breastbone.

  • Thoracic: Chest area.

  • Mammary: Breasts.

  • Acromial: Shoulder.

  • Scapular: Shoulder blade.

  • Vertebral: Spinal column.

  • Lumbar: Lower back.

  • Dorsal: Back in general.

  • Axillary: Armpit.

  • Brachial: Arm.

  • Antebrachial: Forearm.

  • Carpal: Wrist.

  • Palmar: Palm of the hand.

  • Pollex: Thumb.

  • Dorsum: Back of the hand.

  • Manual: Hand.

  • Digital/Phalangeal: Fingers.

  • Abdominal: Abdomen.

  • Umbilical: Navel.

  • Coxal: Hips.

  • Sacral: Area between hips.

  • Coccygeal: Tailbone.

  • Gluteal: Buttocks.

  • Pelvic: Pelvis.

  • Pubic: Pubis area.

  • Peroneal: Area between anus and external genitalia.

  • Inguinal: Groin area.

  • Femoral: Thigh.

  • Patellar: Front of the knee.

  • Popliteal: Back of the knee.

  • Crural: Shin.

  • Sural: Calf.

  • Pedal: Foot.

  • Tarsal: Ankle.

  • Digital (toes): Toes.

  • Plantar: Sole of the foot.

  • Calcaneal: Heel.

  • Hallux: Great toe.

Standard Anatomical Positions

• Anatomical Positioning and Direction:

  • Anterior: Front (e.g., kneecap).

  • Posterior: Back (e.g., shoulder blades).

  • Superior: Towards the head (e.g., hands).

  • Inferior: Towards the feet (e.g., feet).

  • Medial: Towards the midline (e.g., chest is medial to arms).

  • Lateral: Away from midline (e.g., little toe is lateral to big toe).

  • Proximal: Closer to trunk (e.g., proximal end of femur).

  • Distal: Further from trunk (e.g., hand is distal to shoulder).

Planes of the Body

• Sagittal Plane: Divides body into right and left halves.

• Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior halves.

• Transverse Plane: Divides body into superior and inferior sections.

Respiratory System

• Function: Responsible for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release.

• Structure: Includes nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

  • Nasal Cavity: Divided by septum into two sections.

  • Throat: Connects to esophagus.

  • Larynx: Voice box at the top of the trachea.

  • Trachea: Windpipe leading into bronchi.

  • Bronchi: Main tubes leading into lungs (left and right).

  • Bronchioles and Alveoli: Smaller tubes ending in alveoli for gas exchange.

• Breath Mechanics: Diaphragm contracts to inhale and relaxes to exhale.

• Factors Affecting Function: Diseases (e.g., pneumonia, asthma), smoking, allergies, pollution can impact respiratory efficiency.

Cardiovascular System

• Components: Heart, blood vessels, and blood.

• Heart Structure: Consists of four chambers (right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle) and septum separating chambers.

• Blood Vessels:

  • Arteries: Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.

  • Veins: Carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

  • Capillaries: Exchange of nutrients and waste occurs here.

• Heart Cycle: Systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation); valve closure produces heart sounds.

• Electrical System: Sinoatrial node (primary pacemaker), atrioventricular node; impulses regulate heart rhythms.

• Functions: Delivers oxygen and nutrients, maintains blood pressure, regulates temperature and pH, transports hormones, and aids in tissue repair.

Digestive System

• Structure: GI tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum) and accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas).

• Process: Begins in mouth with mechanical digestion; pharynx, peristalsis through esophagus to stomach where chemical digestion occurs.

• Absorption: Main site is small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into blood.

• Hormones: Gastrin (stomach), CCK and secretin (small intestine), insulin and glucagon (pancreas).

Nervous System

• Divisions: Central (brain, spinal cord) and peripheral nervous systems (nerves that branch out).

• Neuron Structure: Composed of cell body, dendrites, axon; myelin sheath increases impulse speed.

• Function: Transmits signals, controls voluntary (somatic) and involuntary (autonomic) actions.

Muscular System

• Types of Muscle:

  • Skeletal: Striated, voluntary; attached to bones.

  • Cardiac: Striated, involuntary; heart muscle.

  • Smooth: Non-striated, involuntary; found in organs.

• Function: Enables movement through contraction, controlled by nerve impulses.

Reproductive System

• Male Structure: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis.

• Female Structure: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva.

• Hormonal Regulation: Involves hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and sex hormones controlling reproduction and menstrual cycle.

Integumentary System

• Components: Skin (outer epidermis, middle dermis, inner subcutaneous layer), hair, nails, sweat glands.

• Functions: Protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Endocrine System

• Function: Regulates body functions through hormones (growth, metabolism, reproduction, mood).

• Glands: Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testes, ovaries; each secretes specific hormones affecting various body processes.

Urinary System

• Structures: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

• Function: Filters blood, produces urine, maintains homeostasis, regulates blood pressure, fluid balance via nephron units.

Immune System

• Defense Mechanisms: Innate (first line: skin, mucous membranes) and adaptive (white blood cells, antibodies).

• Memory Cells: Help recognize and respond to previous infections more effectively.

Skeletal System

• Structure: Comprised of bones (long, short, flat, irregular) connected by joints.

• Functios: Provides support, protection, facilitates movement, and produces blood cells in marrow.