WEEK 2&3 (EARLY/NEW STONE ARCHITECTURE)

EARLY STONE ARCHITECTURE

- Lascaux cave

- The great hall of bulls’ cave

- Temporary Structures (Terra Amata + Bambuti hut + the Tongus hut + the lab tent + the mud constructions)

NEW STONE ARCHITECTURE

- Neolithic Dwelling & settlements (Çatalhöyük)

- Megalithic monuments

(WEEK 2)

How was the early Stone Age?

  • Nomadic found their food from hunting and fishing

  • They used to move in bands less than 15 people

  • They barely survived and their motivation was only to survive

How was the new Stone Age (Neolithic period)?

  • Settled down in permanent settlements

  • Discovered farming

  • had interest in natural cycles like sun moon and weather + domestic animals

  • Villages are established which caused the beginning of society and social life

  • the start of civilization

  • the start of controlling nature with rituals and magic

  • The beginning of the idea of belief

  • First introduction of tombs + the life after death

How was the architecture of the early Stone Age?

  • Used drug shelter for natural protection

  • Caves known as “Dwelling” (Lascaux cave + the great hall of the bulls cave)

  • Structures were temporary made of plants and animals

  • they were in constant moves without any shelter

what is the Lascaux cave?

  • Found in 1940

  • Used for 10,000 to 20,000 years

  • Has one entry to a large hall

  • The interiors have paintings and engraves of animals that shows the (solid + void theory)

why people at that time used paintings as a tool of expression?

  • To ensure their good hunts

  • documenting events

  • worshiping animals

what’s the great hall of bulls’ cave?

  • It shows (line + color + movement + texture)

  • there are charcoal drawings (650)

  • overlapping figures + moving animals

  • cave was used for keeping horses NOT for settlements

what are the Temporary Structures?

  • Hut at Terra Amata (made of tree branches)

  • Bambuti Hut (made of saplings and large leaves)

  • The Tongus Hut (made of grass)

  • The Lapp Tent (made of animal skin)

  • Mud Constructions (made of soil + water)

what are degradable materials?

  • materials that can’t last for long time

what happened to the architecture of the New Stone Age?

  • The circle Huts changed to rectangular huts between 9000 ~ 7000

what is the Çatalhöyük?

  • Occupied between 6300 to 5400

  • NOT the first but the LARGEST

  • still available till today (Turkey)

  • the economy was based on crafts and paintings

  • houses were made of mud + was only one floor

  • The rooms were decorated with bull heads

  • Entrances were through the roofs via ladders

  • people at that time changed from hunting to farming + the economy is based on craftmanship

  • the site of it was a place for (weed) production

  • it’s near a volcanic mountain (Mount Hasan) which was good for the weed production

  • highly organized city made out of (mud houses and furniture + interior decors of bull heads)

  • no streets + the movements through the roofs + no windows but the cooking steam would go out through the roof small openings

  • materials used are (Mud + adobe + wood + plaster)

  • the interior spaces are (storage + main zone + cooking zone)

  • all the plans of the house are the same and everyone is equal

  • they buried their dead people inside the house

what are the megalithic monuments?

  • They are large stone blocks leaning against each other

  • (Post “vertical elements” and Lintel “horizontal elements”) method is used sometimes in dolmen

  • Stones are quired from rocks

what are the types of megalithic monuments?

  • Dolmen

  • Menhirs (one stone)

  • Henge Monument (group of stones

What are Dolmens?

  • Burial construction

  • They are two upright stones slabs

  • The structure of it is covered mound of earth

what are examples of Dolmen + Menhirs?

  • The Carnac in France

  • The Stonehenge Salisbury in England

what’s the Carnac in France?

  • Consist of more than 3000 large stones

  • It was the first evidence of (organizing a place)

what’s The Stonehenge Salisbury in England?

  • The function of it is still controversy

  • The plan is concentric circle

  • behind the 5 trilithons there's blue stones / beyond the bluestones there's a large rectangular stones / beyond the large rectangular stones there is 56 marker stones

  • Known as a sacred place

what are the theories about the use of Stonehenge?

  • it’s a cosmic eye mirrors of lunar goddess + ritual activities

  • It's an astronomical tool

(WEEK 3)

why Stonehenge is a good monument?

  • It meets all practical needs of people

  • its accuracy in Construction

  • the beautiful geometry + form

what is Göbeklitepe?

  • located in Urfa in turkey

  • it’s a sanctuary or temple complex used for communal rituals

  • it’s NOT a settlement and built in a high platform

  • had NO WATER

  • made out of limestone

  • dated back to 9000~10,000 BC

  • it’s 6000~7000 older than (Stonehenge + Giza pyramids + the invention of cuneiform writings)

  • it’s 12000 years old (its age)

  • its location and geography are very important

  • the name means “Potbelly Hill” in Turkish. it comes from the site’s physical appearance: a rounded hill rising above the plains