2.3 Energy Transformations

Energy - the capacity to do work, cannot be created nor destroyed, chemical reactions require energy, energy is stored in covalent bonds, larger molecules have more bonds which mean more energy, example include induced fit and active transport

Autotroph - make own food and transform light into chemical energy , use food to release energy

Heterotroph - organisms that eat other organisms, take energy in them form

Rate of photosynthesis - higher rate of photosynthesis than aerobic respiration more oxygen is released, where as a higher rate of respiration over photosynthesis more co2 is released.

Photosynthesis - is a metabolic reaction need 02, INSERT CHEM EQUATION, the sun warms the earth giving light energy for photosynthesis which is transformed into them energy which is stored as glucose/starch, water absorbed through roots, co2 thru leaf into spongy mesophyll and into palisade, stomal pores allow for water loss, internal membrane the thylakoid in the chloroplast is highly folded increasing surface area allowing for faster diffusion thus faster photosynthesis rate.

photosynthesis limiting factors - light intensity, c02 concentration, temperature, colour of light

Aerobic respiration - must have oxygen, INSERT CHEM EQUATION, there are three stages of respiration

1) glycolysis - glucose breaks down, 6 carbon glucose form 3-carbon pyruvate x 2 Net gain of 2 ATP, occurs in the cytosol

2) Krebs cycle - occurs into the matrix of the mitochondria, pyruvate converts to acetyl COA, acetyl CoA enters the cycle, 2 ATP molecules produced from 2 pyruvate to 6 Co2 molecules, Net gain of 2 ATP

3) oxidative phosphorylation - occurs in mitochondria, electrons are transferred, h+ ions are moved acrosss membrane and flow back in using tap synthase, phosphate group is added to make app, o2 is converted to water, Net gain of 32-24 ATP

Fermentation - eukaryotic, CHEM equation for plant and CHEM equation for animals. it the breakdown of glucose with out o2 (aneroid ) occurs in the cytosol after glycolysis produce 2 atp, high levels of lactic acid or alcohol stops fermentation

ADP- adenosine diphosphate +pi

ATP - adenosine triphosphate (adenine base, 3x phosphate , ribose sugar)

ATP to ADP + pi = release of constant amount of free energy used for cell, breaks one phosphate bond

ADP+pi to ATP - this needs energy and comes from aerobic respiration (40% respiration and 60% lost as heat)