BIO106 Lab Final

Muscles that Flex the Shoulder

• Two primary muscles:

  • Pectoralis Major:

  • Function: Flexes, adducts, and rotates the shoulder.

  • Deltoid (anterior fibers):

  • Function: Flexes the shoulder.

Muscles that Flex the Wrist

• Two primary muscles:

  • Flexor Carpi Radialis:

  • Function: Flexes and abducts the wrist.

  • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris:

  • Function: Flexes and adducts the wrist.

Muscles that Elevate the Scapula

• Two primary muscles:

  • Trapezius (upper fibers):

  • Function: Elevates the scapula.

  • Levator Scapulae:

  • Function: Elevates the scapula.

Muscles that Flex the Hip

• Two primary muscles:

  • Iliopsoas:

  • Function: Flexes the hip joint.

  • Rectus Femoris (part of the quadriceps):

  • Function: Also contributes to hip flexion while extending the knee.

Purpose of the Rotator Cuff

• Definition: A group of muscles and their associated tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder.

• Main Functions:

  • Allows for a wide range of motion in the shoulder while maintaining stability.

  • Contains four muscles:

  • Supraspinatus: Abducts the arm.

  • Infraspinatus: Externally rotates the arm.

  • Teres Minor: Externally rotates and adducts the arm.

  • Subscapularis: Internally rotates the arm.

Origins of the Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles

• Thenar Muscles:

  • Originates from the tubercle of the scaphoid and the trapezium bones.

  • Primary Function: Movement of the thumb (opposition).

• Hypothenar Muscles:

  • Originates from the hook of the hamate and the pisiform bone.

  • Primary Function: Movement of the little finger.

Primary Action of the Quadriceps

• Definition: The quadriceps is a group of muscles located at the front of the thigh.

• Primary Action: Extends the knee joint.

Primary Action of the Hamstrings

• Definition: The hamstrings are a group of muscles located at the back of the thigh.

• Primary Action: Flexes the knee joint and assists in hip extension.

Muscles of Forearm Supination

• Two primary muscles involved in supination of the forearm:

  • Biceps Brachii:

  • Function: Supinates the forearm while flexing the elbow.

  • Supinator:

  • Function: Primarily responsible for supinating the forearm.

Case Study: Baseball Player with Ruptured Achilles Tendon

• Injury: If a baseball player slides into home base and ruptures the Achilles tendon.

• Affected Muscles:

  • Gastrocnemius: A primary calf muscle assisting in plantarflexion.

  • Soleus: Aiding in plantarflexion as well.

• Affected Action:

  • Loss of ability to perform plantarflexion of the foot, which is essential for pushing off the ground when running or jumping.

Muscles of the Upper Extremity involved in Opening a Door

• List of seven muscles involved:

  • Pectoralis Major:

  • Assists in pushing motions.

  • Deltoid:

  • Primarily responsible for shoulder abduction.

  • Trapezius:

  • Elevates and retracts the scapula, facilitating shoulder movement.

  • Serratus Anterior:

  • Helps to protract the scapula, allowing for arm movement.

  • Latissimus Dorsi:

  • Extends and adducts the arm, contributing to movement.

  • Biceps Brachii:

  • Assists in flexing the elbow when pulling down.

  • Triceps Brachii:

  • Extends the elbow, helping to stabilize the arm while opening a door.

Final Notes

• Reference to visual aids:

  • Pictures associated with the final examination will provide practical illustrations for identification of the muscles and their functions.

• Important to study content thoroughly in preparation for the final exam in week fifteen.