CS101 Exam Cheat-Sheet

Proxy Server: acts as intermediary; hides client, filters content (e.g. virus-scan)
Auditing SW: traffic surge & pattern monitoring; early problem detection
Antivirus: signature-based; needs frequent updates; safe-use rules (no unknown attachments, pop-ups, idle connections)
Encryption:
• Public-Key ⇒ $C=E<em>{pub}(P)$ ; only holder of private key decrypts • Authentication via digital signature: $S=E</em>{priv}(M)$ , recipient checks with sender’s public key
Legal: CFAA (US), PECO 2007 (PK), ETO 2002/08, PTA 1996, etc.

Informal: ordered steps (input → process → output)
Formal def: ordered, unambiguous, executable, finite $\rightarrow$ terminating process
Abstract vs Representation (story vs book); program = representation; process = execution
Primitives → Programming Languages → Pseudocode (if/else, while, def function)
Discovery: Polya 4-phase; strategies—work backwards, related problem, stepwise refinement (top-down); bottom-up complements
Iteration: loop control needs initialize | modify | test; pretest (while) vs post-test (repeat)
• Examples: sequential search, max-in-list, factorial
Recursion: function calls itself (binary search); needs base case; same control triad
Efficiency: sequential search $O(n)$ avg $n/2$ , binary $O(\log_2 n)$ ; algorithm analysis (best / avg / worst)

Generations: 1-machine, 2-assembly, 3-high-level (FORTRAN, COBOL)
Paradigms: imperative (procedural), object-oriented (class, object, method, encapsulation), functional (compose functions), declarative (logic, simulation), concurrent (thread/task)
Data Types: $\text{int}, \text{float}, \text{char}, \text{bool}$ ; aggregates (struct), arrays; assignment $name=expr$
Control structures: if, loop (while), pre/post test
Operators: + - * / %, relational < > ==, logical && || !
Concurrency: spawn threads; mutual exclusion via locks; shared vs exclusive

Life-Cycle: Requirements → Design → Implementation → Testing → Maintenance (cycle)
Methodologies: Waterfall, Incremental/Iterative, RUP, Prototyping (evolutionary, throw-away), Agile/XP
Modularity: minimise coupling (control, data, global), maximise cohesion (functional > logical); info-hiding
Components, design-patterns (Adapter, Decorator, Factory, Shopping-Cart)
Quality Assurance: reviews, SQA, metrics (MTBF, coupling), CASE/IDE
Verification: testing scopes—glass-box (basis-path, Pareto), black-box (boundary, beta); commit/rollback, locking (shared/exclusive, wound-wait)
Ownership & Liability: copyright, license, patent; disclaimers; due-care defence

DBMS layer separates application; schemas/subschemas enable access control + data independence
Models: Relational (tables/relations; tuple, attribute; SELECT, PROJECT, JOIN), Object-Oriented (objects, persistence)
File org: sequential, indexed (index file), hashing (buckets; prime bucket count)
Integrity: Logging, commit point, rollback, cascading; locking (shared/excl), scheduler
Data Mining: class description, discrimination, clustering, association, outlier, sequential patterns; warehouses vs operational DB
Social impact: privacy, misuse; EPIC, PI watchdogs

Intelligent Agent: sensors → perceive; actuators → act; reflex vs knowledge vs goal vs learning
Turing Test: indistinguishable conversation; limitations (ELIZA etc.)
Perception challenges: image processing (edge, region, smoothing); language processing (syntax, semantics, context)

Impacts: + productivity, communication, e-health; – obesity, privacy loss, crime, e-waste
Security goals: confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication
Content filtering, spam laws (CAN-SPAM, CASL), child protection, IP (copyright, patent, trade-mark, design, DB right), privacy regulations (HIPAA, COPPA)

Word: Ribbon navigation; Home groups—Clipboard (Cut Ctrl+X, Copy Ctrl+C, Paste Ctrl+V), Font, Paragraph (bullets/numbering, alignment), Styles; Insert—Cover Page, Table, Pictures, Header/Footer, WordArt; References—TOC, Footnotes; Review—Track Changes
Excel: cell $A1$ , formulas start ‘=’; common functions SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, COUNT; sort/filter; charts; lists $B3:B14$
PowerPoint: slide layouts, themes, transitions, animations
Access: tables (fields/records), queries (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), forms, reports
HTML basics: $<html>,<head>,<body>$ ; block vs inline; tags & attributes; Dreamweaver WYSIWYG; insert table, lists, images