AC1.2
Identify 2 of the personnel involved in the criminal justice system a defendant may encounter before conviction (2)
-Police, Solicitor.
Describe the relationship of the prison service with other agencies in the criminal justice system (7)
-Prison service + courts= transport prisoners to + from court, prisoners held in court cells pending hearings.
-Prison service + police= police transport offenders to prison after remand, arrest recalled offenders + return them to prison.
-Prison service + lawyers= lawyers visit prisoners for legal advice + represent them in court or appeals.
-Prison service + judiciary= judges set type, length + concurrency of sentences, prison enforces them.
-Prison service + probation= liaise on release, probation supervises offenders on licence or parole, recall to prison if conditions breached.
Describe relationships between the police, CPS + the courts as a case proceeds through the criminal justice system. (6)
-Police + CPS= police investigate + gather evidence + liaise with CPS for charging advice.
-CPS= reviews evidence, decides whether to prosecute, prepares case + conducts advocacy in court.
-Police + courts= bring arrested suspects to court, enforce court decisions, e.g., recalled offenders.
-Courts= all cases start in magistrates’ court, summary offences remain there, either-way offences may go to Crown Court, indictable offences go to Crown Court.
Analyse the relationship between the probation service + other agencies in the criminal justice system (8)
-Probation + HMPPS/Ministry of Justice= structural link with courts + prisons ensures consistent offender management.
-Probation + prisons= liaise on release planning; supervise offenders on licence/parole; manage risk.
-Probation + police= police arrest offenders who breach licence or reoffend; enforces probation orders.
-Probation + courts= provide pre-sentence reports + advice; inform sentencing decisions.
-Probation + other agencies at release= coordinate supervision arrangements for offenders serving ≤2 years to ensure continued monitoring.
Describe the relationships between the courts + agencies of formal punishment within the criminal justice system (9) (prison + probation)
-Courts + probation= Probation provides pre-sentence reports to guide sentencing.
-Probation + courts= Attend MAPPA meetings with police + other agencies to assess offender risk.
-Courts + probation= Inform the court about offender progress on community orders.
-Probation + court= Return offenders to court for breaches of probation/community orders, which may lead to custody.
-Courts + prison= Hold remanded prisoners + ensure court appearances in person or via video link.
-Probation + prison= Liaise on release planning, providing reports to prison governors to determine conditions of release.
-Probation post-release= Offenders serving 2 days–2 years are supervised by probation for a minimum of 12 months.
Describe the organisation of the criminal justice system as it’s experienced by the CPS (Mari) + the defence (Horace) (9)
-CPS (Mari)= liaises with police for charging advice, prepares case, attends court, conducts advocacy, discloses evidence to defence, negotiates plea bargains + may attend appeal courts.
-Defence (Horace)= advises client at police station, attends court alongside CPS, prepares defence using disclosed evidence, may visit client in prison + liaises with probation regarding pre-sentence reports.
Describe the relationship between the police, courts and prisons during the process of a criminal case (9)
-Police + courts= Investigate crime, interview witnesses, collect evidence + bring suspects to court, attend court to give evidence or request search/arrest warrants.
-Police + courts= Place charged suspects before the court if bail is refused + provide dates if bail is granted.
-Courts= Magistrates’ court hears all cases, summary offences remain there, either-way offences may go to Crown Court + indictable offences must go to Crown Court.
-Courts + prison= Pass custodial sentences, liaise with prison for remand or production of offenders.
-Prison + courts= Hold remanded prisoners + ensure they appear in court in person or via video link.
-Prisons + police= Liaise on release, monitoring + recall of offenders who breach licence or parole conditions.
-Prisons + probation + police= Participate in MAPPA meetings to manage risk + ensure public protection.
Identify 3 examples of personnel + agencies Sam may encounter while his case proceeds through court. (3)
-CPS, National Probation Service, defence lawyer.
Describe the relationship between the police + the courts in England + Wales. (6)
Courts + police= Courts have authority over police + can require them to attend court + give evidence.
Courts + police= Courts can grant search and arrest warrants for the police to execute if sufficient evidence.
Police + courts= Police hold accused in custody if bail is refused, or may grant bail pending court appearance.
Police + courts= Liaise on court dates to ensure accused attend hearings.
Police + courts= Those denied bail remain in custody until transferred to prison.
Police + courts= Police enforce court decisions + support the court process, maintaining the chain of justice.
Describe the organisation of police in the criminal justice system.
-Agency responsible for preventing crime, maintaining public order, investigating offences + collecting evidence.
-Investigate crimes, interview witnesses, collect evidence, gather statements. Arrest suspects when necessary + determine whether bail granted.
-Refer charged suspects to magistrates’ court or Crown Court.
-Cooperate with CPS, courts, probation, and other agencies.
Describe the organisation of law creation in the criminal justice system.
-Process rules + regulations formally made to maintain social order + govern behaviour in society.
-Parliament main law-making body in UK. Government ministers introduce Bills relevant to departments.
-Bills debated, amended + passed by both Houses of Parliament: Commons + Lords.
-Judges / courts create or clarify law through common law / precedent. E.g. Courts interpret + apply existing laws to new cases.
-Statutes passed by Parliament become Acts of Parliament + enforceable by agencies in criminal justice system.
Describe the organisation of courts in the criminal justice system.
-Agency responsible for determining guilt, imposing sentences + ensuring justice applied fairly.
-Magistrates’ Courts= Handle summary offences + preliminary hearings. Run by lay magistrates supported by clerk. Decide on bail or remand before trial.
-Crown Court=Deals with either-way offences sent from magistrates + indictable offences. Hearings include jury trials, with judges sentencing offenders.
-Higher Courts= Court of Appeal, High Court, Supreme Court deal with appeals + clarification of law.
-Courts impose custodial + non-custodial sentences (fines, community orders, imprisonment). Ensure defendant appropriately punished + rehabilitated.
Describe the organisation of formal punishment in the criminal justice system.
-Enforcement of penalties by authorised agencies to ensure offenders comply with law + maintain social order.
-Prison Service= Manages custodial sentences. Controls prisoners’ liberty, daily routines, + rehabilitation programmes.
-Probation Service= Supervises offenders serving community orders or released on licence. Monitors compliance with court-imposed conditions.
-Courts= Decide on type +length of punishment (custodial or non-custodial).
Describe the relationship of the courts with other agencies in the criminal justice system.
-Work with other agencies to process cases fairly, enforce sentences + protect public.
-Courts + Police= Police investigate crimes + collect evidence for court cases. Provide witness statements + arrest reports to support prosecutions.
-Courts + CPS=CPS decides whether there enough evidence to prosecute. Prosecutes cases in court on behalf of state.
-Courts + Probation Service= Probation provides pre-sentence reports to guide sentencing. Monitors community orders + reports breaches to court. Participates in MAPPA meetings for high-risk offenders.
-Courts + Prison Service= Courts remand prisoners before trial. Ensure prisoners attend hearings in person or via video link. Impose custodial sentences prison service enforces.
Describe the relationship between the police + probation within the criminal justice system.
-Police + probation work together to supervise offenders, protect public + ensure compliance with law.
-Police arrest offenders + given community orders or probation supervision instead of or after custodial sentences.
-Probation monitors compliance with court-imposed conditions + if offender breaches, reports back to police +courts.
-Both agencies share information about offenders for risk assessments (e.g., high-risk offenders managed via MAPPA meetings).
-Police assist probation officers in enforcing conditions, such as curfews or electronic tagging.
Describe the relationships between the CPS + agencies of formal punishment (prison service + probation service) within the criminal justice system.
-Works with formal punishment agencies to ensure offenders prosecuted, sentenced + rehabilitated, maintaining public protection.
-CPS + Prison Service= CPS prosecutes criminal cases in court + if offender sentenced to custody, prison service enforces custodial sentence. CPS provide information to prison service about offender’s criminal history or court outcomes. Prison ensures offender serves sentence imposed by court.
-CPS + Probation Service=CPS prosecutes cases may result in community sentences or probation orders. Probation supervises offenders according to court-imposed conditions, e.g. community orders, rehabilitation programmes. Probation reports back on breaches or compliance, which lead to further court action. Both agencies coordinate for high-risk offenders through mechanisms like MAPPA to protect the public.