EXAM 4 REVIEW(1) (1)

Exam Review Overview

  • Exam 4 covers Chapters 11, 12, & 13.

Chapter Title Definitions

  • Be able to define key concepts:

    • Sociology: The systematic study of society and social interactions.

    • Culture: The beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics shared by a group.

    • Socialization: The process through which individuals learn and internalize the values and norms of their society.

    • Interaction: The way in which two or more individuals or groups communicate or act in relation to each other.

    • Social Structure: The organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society.

    • Groups: Collections of individuals who interact and share a common identity.

    • Deviance: Behaviors that violate societal norms.

    • Stratification: The hierarchical arrangement of individuals into social classes.

    • Race: A social construct categorizing people based on physical characteristics.

    • Ethnicity: A shared cultural identity often associated with nationality, language, and traditions.

Family Types

  • Nuclear Family: A family unit consisting of two parents and their children.

  • Extended Family: Includes additional relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles.

  • Family of Orientation: The family into which a person is born.

  • Family of Procreation: The family that is formed through marriage and parenting.

Types of Marriage

  • Monogamy: Marriage between two partners.

  • Serial Monogamy: Having a series of monogamous relationships.

  • Polygamy: Marrying multiple partners; can be further classified into:

    • Polygyny: One man with multiple wives.

    • Polyandry: One woman with multiple husbands.

Family Functions and Theoretical Perspectives

  • Functionalist Perspective: Outlines key functions of the family, such as socialization, emotional support, and social stability.

  • Conflict Perspective: Views the family as a reflection of societal inequalities concerning wealth and power.

    • Inheritance Laws: Impact wealth distribution and class position.

    • Patriarchy: The male-dominated structure within families.

Marriage and Relationship Dynamics

  • Homogamy: Marriage between individuals with similar social characteristics.

  • Endogamy: Marrying within a specific social group.

  • Exogamy: Marrying outside one’s social group.

Divorce Trends

  • Examine statistical trends regarding divorce rates.

  • Meta-Analysis of Divorce Effects on Children: Understand potential psychological and social impacts.

  • Coping Strategies for Couples: Strategies to mitigate issues arising from divorce.

  • Household Forms: Consider the dynamics of cohabitation, single living, same-sex relationships, and child-free marriages.

Religion

Sacred vs. Profane

  • Sacred: Elements set apart and forbidden, regarded with respect.

  • Profane: Everyday elements that are not sacred.

Major World Religions

  • Monotheistic Religions:

    • Christianity

    • Islam

    • Judaism

  • Polytheistic Religions:

    • Hinduism

    • Buddhism

  • Adherents: Review the estimated number of followers for major religions.

Sociological Perspectives on Religion

  • Durkheim: Viewed religion as a force of social integration and solidarity.

  • Weber: Examined the relationship between religion and social change, introducing the concept of the Protestant Ethic.

  • Conflict Theorist Views: Consider religion’s role in perpetuating patriarchy and authority.

  • Interactionist Perspectives: Explore how religion provides meaning in life.

Types of Religious Organizations

  • Ecclesia: A religious organization claiming to include all or most members of a society.

  • Denominations: Larger organized religious groups with a hierarchy, differing in beliefs.

  • Sects: Small, voluntary groups that have separated from a larger denomination.

  • Cults: Religious movements led by a charismatic leader.

Education

Functionalist Perspective on Education

  • Manifest Functions: Includes transmitting culture, promoting integration, maintaining social control, and serving as an agent of social change.

  • Latent Functions: Such as establishing networks and social norms.

  • Conflict Perspective: Examines hidden curricula, credentialism, and social inequalities in educational settings.

  • Interactionist Perspective: Considers the impact of teacher expectations on student performance.

  • Religion in Schools: Discusses the First Amendment and the principle of separation of church and state.

Economy and Government

Economic Models

  • Capitalism: An economic system characterized by private ownership of production.

  • Socialism: A system where the means of production are owned collectively or by the state.

  • Mixed Economy: A blend of capitalism and socialism.

Types of Government

  • Types of Authority:

    • Traditional Authority: Power legitimized by long-standing customs.

    • Legal-Rational Authority: Power legitimized by laws and procedures.

    • Charismatic Authority: Power derived from an individual's exceptional personal qualities.

  • Forms of Government:

    • Monarchy

    • Oligarchy

    • Dictatorship

    • Totalitarianism

    • Democracy

Political Behavior in the U.S.

  • Voter Participation: Examine participation rates and demographic factors influencing voting in the U.S. compared to other democracies.

  • Models of Power in the U.S.:

    • Power Elite Model: Suggests that a small elite controls decision-making.

    • Pluralist Model: Proposes that multiple interest groups compete for influence.

  • Military-Industrial Complex: Review current examples of military influence over politics.