APUSH Unit 7 SPICE Chart

S

  • The Great Migration

    • Mass exodus during the early 20th century where millions of African Americans fled the South to the North and West

    • African Americans left to escape segregation, racial violence, & limited economic opportunities

    • Despite finding new opportunities, African American who resettled in the North and West continued to encounter discrimination

P

  • The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s) was a period where “Progressives responded to political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns by calling for greater government action and other political and social measures” (College Board)

  • Imperialists argued that America was destined to spread their territorial reach and cultural and political influence globally, citing economic opportunities, race theories, imperialism by European powers, “and the perception that the western frontier was ‘closed’” (College Board)

  • Anti-imperialists argued against American imperialism by citing the right for other nations to have self-determination, race theories, and an isolationist tradition

  • Spanish-American War (1898)

    • Contributing factors:

      • Cuba had been fighting for independence from Spain for years, and many Americans were horrified by the brutal Spanish tactics of colonial rule over the island (e.g., herding civilians into concentration camps)

        • The independence movement (which was a guerilla movement) was developed after the freeing of Cuban slaves and led by Cuban poet Jose Marti

      • Many newspapers practiced yellow journalism, exaggerating Spanish brutality to sway public opinion and demand war

      • The explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, killing 260 sailors, was blamed on Spain by the American press

        • In response to the de Lome Letter, which criticized the US government, President McKinley sent the USS Maine with the goal of bringing back Americans living in Cuba

    • The Teller Amendment, passed just before the US declared war, authorized President William McKinley to use military force against the Spanish, disclaimed any US intention to annex Cuba, and pledged to leave control of Cuba to the Cuban people

    • After winning the war, the United States gained the Spanish territories of Cuba (which was granted independence after a four-year occupation period), the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico

Map of US & Overseas Territories after Spanish-American War (1898) Source: Wikipedia

  • The US, in exchange for supporting the Panamanian separatist movement for independence from Columbia, secured the rights to build and control the Panama Canal (along with a 10-mile stretch of land around it), a strategic waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

  • Hawaii Annexation

    • In 1893, a group of American and European businessman and sugar planters, with the support and active participation of United States military forces, conducted an illegal coup d'Ă©tat, overthrowing Queen LiliÊ»uokalani of the Kingdom of HawaiÊ»i

    • After the overthrow, the short-lived Republic of Hawaii formed and held authority over the islands until the US, in 1900, agreed to admit it to the Union

    • Hawaii gained statehood in 1959, becoming the 50th state

  • Open Door Policy

    • A diplomatic effort by the United States to ensure equal trading rights for all foreign nations in China and to preserve China’s territorial and administrative integrity, preventing any single power from monopolizing its market

    • Served a response against the establishment of “spheres of influence”, concessions, and colonies in China by European nations and Japan

    • Articulated by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899-1900

Political Cartoon about the Open Door Policy Source: The Fells

  • 3 Cs of the Square Deal under Theodore Roosevelt

    • Corporate regulation

      • Trustbusting

    • Consumer protections

      • Pure Meat Act

      • Pure Food & Drug Act

      • USDA’s founding

      • Meat Inspection Act

    • Conservation

      • Creation of the National Park Service (NPS)

  • Selective Service Act of 1917: draft for World War I passed by President Woodrow Wilson

  • The Espionage Act (1917) was used to crush dissent against the war effort

  • The Sedition Act (1918) restricted freedoms of speech during wartime

  • The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) were the United States Armed Forces sent to Europe in 1917-19 to fight in WWI

    • Initially, the AEF was ill-prepared for the war and wasn’t sent to the war front until many years later

    • The AEF was sent to assist the tired British and French soldiers, who had been fighting the Central Powers since the start of the war (the US didn’t intervene militarily until the latter part of the conflict)

  • “World War I provided the United States with valuable strategic lessons and an officer corps that would become the nucleus for mobilizing and commanding sixteen million American military personnel in World War II” (Library of Congress)

  • League of Nations

    • Ideated by Woodrow Wilson and implemented after WWI

    • An international organization designed to promote world peace and prevent future conflicts

    • Failed due to the US not being a member (Congress did not allow Wilson to have the country join)

    • Precursor to the United Nations, which was created after WWII

  • The first Red Scare was fueled by anxieties over the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and post-war labor strikes, leading to government crackdowns on radicals and immigrants who the government suspected as communists

  • 3 Rs of the New Deal

    • Relief

      • Aimed at providing direct, immediate help to the poor and unemployed

        • CCC

        • FERA

    • Recovery

      • Focused on “pump-priming” to stimulate the economy, bringing it back to normal levels through job creation and federal spending

        • WPA

        • AAA

    • Reform

      • Targeted at long-term, structural changes to the economy to prevent future depressions

        • SSA

        • FDIC

        • SEC

  • Pearl Harbor

    • On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the US military base of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii

    • The Japanese were angered by the US’s embargo on oil and their presence in the Pacific, which was viewed as a threat to Japan’s own imperial ambitions

    • The attack prompted the US to declare war on Japan (and eventually the other Axis Powers) and join WW2

  • D-Day

    • Allied invasion of Normandy, France

    • The US invaded the Utah & Omaha beaches

    • The UK invaded the Sword & Gold beaches

    • Canada invaded Juno beach

    • This invasion marked the beginning of Allied expansion westward to Germany, and helped the Allies liberate France from Nazi control

  • Tuskegee Airmen

    • The first African American military pilots, navigators, bombardiers, and support staff in US history

    • Trained at the segregated Tuskegee Institute in Alabama during WW2

    • Served in combat in North Africa and Europe

    • Helped force racial integration of the US military

  • Navajo Code Talkers

    • US Marines in WW2 who used their unwritten, complex native language to create an unbreakable, highly efficient tactical communications code in the Pacific Theater, notably at Iwo Jima

    • Over 400 Navajo served as code talkers

I

C

  • Japanese Internment

    • Due to racism, xenophobia, and fear of a Japanese invasion of the mainland United States, the US government established Japanese internment camps (primarily in the Western states) that displaced and incarcerated thousands of innocent Japanese Americans

    • Roughly 2 in 3 in people interned were US citizens

    • None of the interned civilians were actually guilty of espionage or sabotage, and none were affiliated with the Japanese government or military

    • Japanese in internment camps practiced a cultural blend of traditional Japanese heritage and an American way of life, maintaining dignity amid forced internment

    • Despite harsh, surveillance-heavy environments, detainees established schools, places of worship (Buddhist monasteries and Christian churches), sports teams, and arts like calligraphy, dance, and Kabuki theater

E

  • War Industries Board

    • Organized industry for mobilization

    • Bernard Baruch led the board

    • Liberty bonds helped pay for $33 billion cost

  • Causes of the Great Depression

    • Unequal distribution of wealth

    • Consumer credit creates a bubble

    • Overproduction of goods & low demand

    • Stock market crash

    • Worsened by Smoot-Hawley Tariff & Federal Reserve contraction of credit

  • Effects of the Great Depression

    • Massive unemployment (25% by 1933)

    • Lack of employment leads to lack of consumer demand

    • Loss of faith in capitalist system