TL - IB HL BIO YR 1 UNIT FIVE

Adenosine Triphosphate: RNA nucleotide w/ adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate molecules, universal energy currency of cells, energy is transferred when third phosphate molecule is released, produced by mitochondria during aerobic cellular respiration

Adenosine Diphosphate: atp but with one less phosphate group, reduced

ATP-ADP Cycle

• Phosphorylation: phosphate is added to another molecule (typically ADP), how ADP turns into ATP, endergonic

• ATP Hydrolysis: breakdown of atp using water, exergonic

• Exergonic: releases/creates energy

• Endergonic: absorbs/requires energy

Mitochondrial Structure

• Outer membrane: contains transport proteins for shuttling pyruvate into mitochondria

• Inner membrane: contains etc & atp synthase for oxphos

• Intermembrane space: small space between membranes, allows for easy accumulation of H+

• Cristae: folds of inner membrane to create high sa:v ratio

• Mitochondrial matrix: space inside inner membrane, ideal pH & enzymes for specific reactions

Reduction: gain of electrons, becomes more negative

Oxidation: loss of electrons, becomes more positive

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

• Cellular Respiration equation: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

  • Know what is reduced: oxygen

  • Know what is oxidized: glucose

• Heterotroph: organism that needs to get energy from other organisms

• Electron carriers

  • NAD⁺/NADH: NAD+ = empty, oxidized, NADH = full, reduced

  • FAD/FADH₂: FAD = empty, oxidized, FADH2 = full, reduced, can carry 1 more H+ than NADH

• Glycolysis

  • Location: cytoplasm

  • Inputs: glucose, 2 atp, 2 nadh

  • Outputs: 2 pyruvate, 4 atp (2 net), 2 nad+

  • Energy Investment Phase

    • Phosphorylation (of Glucose): uses 2 atp to phosphorylate glucose, makes it unstable

    • Lysis: unstable glucose is split into 2 G3P molecules

    • G3P: triose phosphate

  • Energy Payoff Phase

    • Oxidation: electrons and hydrogen are removed from G3P and transferred to 2 NAD+, makes 2 NADH

    • ATP Formation (Substrate level phosphorylation): produces 4 atp by transferring phosphate from G3P to ADP

    • Pyruvate: 2 G3P converted into 2 pyruvate

  • Linear Metabolic Pathway

• Link Reaction

  • Location: mitochondrial matrix

  • Inputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, enzyme coA

  • Outputs: 2 acetyl-coA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

  • Pyruvate: broken into 2 acetyl-coA (w/ addition of enzyme coA)

  • NADH: 2x created

  • CO₂: waste products, 2x

  • Oxidative decarboxylation: removal of an electron and a carbon dioxide

• Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  • Location: mitochondrial matrix

  • Inputs: 2 acetyl-coA

  • Outputs: 2 CO2, 6 NADH, 2

  • Acetyl-CoA: 2x input

  • Oxaloacetate: 4 c compound, added to acetyl-coA to make citrate

  • Citrate: 6 c compound, undergoes oxidative decarboxylation

  • CO₂: waste products, 4x created

  • NADH: 6x created

  • FADH₂: can carry one more e- than nadh, 2x created

  • ATP: 2x created

  • Oxidative decarboxylation: removal of an e- and a co2

  • Substrate level phosphorylation: creation of atp

  • Cyclical Metabolic Pathway:

• Oxidative phosphorylation

  • Location:

  • Electron Transport Chain:

  • Proton gradient:

  • Chemiosmosis:

  • ATP Synthase:

  • Proton Motive Force:

  • Final Electron Acceptor:

  • O₂:

  • H₂O:

  • ATP:

• Versatility of catabolism:

Anaerobic Respiration

• Coupling glycolysis with fermentation

• Goal of fermentation

• Location of fermentation

• Lactic Acid Fermentation

  • Organisms

  • Inputs and outputs

  • Glucose

  • Pyruvate

  • Lactic Acid

  • NAD⁺

  • Uses in industry

  • Lactic Acid Fermentation in humans

• Alcohol Fermentation

  • Organisms

  • Inputs and outputs

  • Glucose

  • Pyruvate

  • Ethanol

  • CO₂

  • NAD⁺

  • Uses in industry

Pros/Cons of Aerobic Respiration

Pros/Cons of Anaerobic Respiration

Chloroplast Structure

• Outer membrane

• Inner membrane

• Thylakoid

• Grana (Granum=singular)

• Thylakoid membrane

• Thylakoid space

• Stroma

Electromagnetic spectrum

• Wavelength

Pigments

• Absorption

• Reflection

• Absorption spectrum

• Action spectrum

• Chlorophyll

• Xanthophyll

• Carotenoid

• Chromatography

  • Purpose

  • R_f value (know how to calculate)

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis equation

  • Know what is reduced

  • Know what is oxidized

• Electron carrier

  • NADP⁺/NADPH

• Autotroph

  • Photoautotroph

  • Producer

• Light reaction

  • Light dependent reactions

  • Location

  • Inputs and outputs

  • Photon

  • Photosystems

    • PSII

    • PSI

    • Reaction Centre

    • Excited Electrons

  • Electron transport chain

    • Proton gradient

    • Chemiosmosis

    • ATP synthase

    • Photophosphorylation

  • Photolysis

    • Purpose

    • Byproduct

  • NADP⁺ Reductase

  • NADPH

  • Know the flow of electrons

  • Z Scheme Diagram

  • Non-cyclic photophosphorylation

  • Cyclic photophosphorylation

• Calvin Cycle

  • Light independent reactions

  • Location

  • Cyclical Metabolic Pathway

  • Inputs and outputs

  • Carbon Fixation

    • Rubisco

      • Why is rubisco not that great at it’s job?

    • RuBP

    • CO₂

    • GP

  • Reduction (Synthesis of Triose Phosphate)

    • TP (G3P)

    • NADPH

    • ATP

  • Regeneration

    • RuBP

    • ATP

  • Building Glucose

    • How many G3P molecules are needed?

  • Photorespiration

• Connection between the light reaction and the calvin cycle

Limiting factors of rate of photosynthesis

• Light intensity

• CO₂ concentration

• Temperature

• Be able to explain the graphs of the limiting factors of photosynthesis

CO₂ Enrichment Experiments

• Greenhouses with manipulated CO₂ concentrations

• Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiments (FACE)