SAQ UNIT 4 NOTES
AP European History
Unit V: European State Consolidation in the 17th and 18th Centuries
Module 3: The Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France- The World of Louis XIV pp. 179-190
Google the term "Royal Absolutism" and write down the main definition/idea.
The main idea is that the ruler has all the power/control over the entire nation(its people)
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How long was Louis XIV's reign?
72 years
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Identify Louis XIII
Father of Louis XIV, during his time had the chief minister as Cardinal Richlieu who set up the groundwork for Louis XIV´s absolutism.
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Identify Cardinal Richelieu
Laided groundwork for Louis XIV’s absolutism, was under king louis XIII, attempted to impose direct royal administration on France. Also circumscribed political privilages Henry IV gave to French protestants (edict of nantes), provoked rebeillions of french nobles for his centralizing policies.
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Identify Cardinal Mazarin
Like Richelieu, Laided groundwork for Louis XIV’s absolutism, was under king louis XIII, attempted to impose direct royal administration on France. Provoked rebellions of french nobles for his centralizing policies.
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Define the Fronde
Series of rebellions against royal authority by french nobles (from mazarin and richelieu’s policies), 1649-1652.
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What was Louis XIV's genius?
Make the monarchy the most important and powerful political institiution in France and also assuring the nobles and weathy groups of their social standing and influence on local level (louis XIV worked though them largely).
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What did Louis XIV spend hours doing each day?
He would spend hours with the ministers (chosen by families long in royal service or people starting to rise in the social structure{those people had barely any power and relied on the king for their standing}) of his councils that controlled foreign affairs, army, domestic administration, and economic regulation.
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Describe the royal portrait on page 179 (you may want to google this image)
It is a portrait of Louis XIV with layer of royal garments of gold. He is takes up almost all the frame, making him look bigger. The image is trying to show how powerful he is and how he rules over you.
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Define Parlements
Regional judicial bodies (French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobility. The most important was the Parliament of Paris that clmaied the right to register royal decrees before they could become law).
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Identify the Paris Parlement
The parlement that had the right to register royal laws.
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What did Louis XIV never try to abolish?
Foreign affairs or limit the influence of noble institutions on the monarchy.
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What did Louis and his advisors become masters of?
Propaganda and political image creation.
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Define dauphin
Heir to french throne
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How did Louis use the physical setting of the royal court?
He used it to exert political control.
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Give two examples of Louis XIV manipulating symbols.
When the dauphin was born, he went to the celebration dressed like a Roman Emperor, also dominated the nobility by showing he could outspend them and create a greater social display than the strongest nobles in the land.
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Identify Sun King
Nickname for Louis XIV, le roi soleil
give life and warmth to ppl
Describe the palace of Versailles. What was its' purpose?
It was the largest secular structure in Europe, built on outskirts of Paris, became the place Louis XIV kept his royal court and lived. Had thousands of people living there, which made the people dependent on him (expensive to live there).
Everything was done by the king and his close workers
What traditions did Louis XIV support?
France’s social structure and social privilages of the nobility.
Divine rights of kings
Identify Bishop Bossuet.
Tudor of Louis XIV and political theorist. Defended divine right of kings, source for louis XIV concept of royal authority.
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Explain divine right of kings.
Rulers are divinely appointed by and answerable only to God.
1 bloodline is done by god to rule
Explain the phrase "L' e'tat c'est moi."
It means I am the state (they are gods regents on earth so they couldn’t be ruled by the dictates of nobles and parliaments).
All of gov. powers is him, i am it, no separation of government (ppl argue we need to separate it)
1 king, 1 god, 1 law
if ur a subject and dif. religion, u aint loyal
pragmatic to have 1 reglion for everyone
What didn't Louis XIV control compared to 20th century police states?
Didn’t exert oppressive control over the daily lives of his subjects.
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What did royal absolutist states control?
Administrative authority =local institutions (making of war and peace, the regulation of reglion and the oversight of economic activity).
gov. structure, over government, he can just make a law, arrest you (still talk with people but just flunged it out),
to control ppl, he made ppl live in versailles to distract the people from their fiefdoms, and make some money/monopolize
pecking orders (high school on steroids)
day was scripted
wake up (leve) -> mass -> meetings -> fete or walk though garden/activity -> dinner -> naptime (mistress (powerful place in court))-> play/opera/musical/ball (forget about daily stuff) -> sleepy time
high was 2k ppl living there/nobles, 25k servants
Identify Jean-Baptiste Colbert. What did he enable Louis XIV to do?
Minister for Louis XIV, helped Louis afford to raise and maintain a large + powerful army by his economic policies.
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What do historians believe Louis XIV foreign policy goals were?
He wished to dominate all of europe.
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How did states at the time of Louis XIV view his foreign policy goals?
To achieve secure internal boundaries for France.
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Explain the War of Devolution
France against Spain and United Netherlands, Louis XIV suported the alleged right of his 1st wife Marie Therese to inherit the Spanish netherlands. He said that though complex legal arrangements they should have devolved upon her (name of war).
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What state formed the Triple Alliance against France?
Formed by England, sweden, and united providence (because of invasion of flanders and franche-comte)
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Identify the Peace of Nijmwegen.
A peace treaty signed by different parties over 1678-1679, ended the war of devolution, let france gain more territory (including franche-comte) [William III of England/Prince of Orange allied with france against dutch secretly, but then Orange allied with HRE, Spain, Lorraine, and Brandenburg against France}.
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What was Louis XIV main religious policy? Who did he attack and why?
He believed that policial unity and stabikity required relgious conformity, so he had repressiev actions against both Roman Catholics and Protestants.
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Describe Jansenism.
A Roman Catholic movement, that taught that humans were so corrupted by orginial sin that they could do nothing good nor sercre their own salvation without divine grace (opposed to jesuits). Resembled Puritians.
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What did Jansenists become associated with?
Opposition to royal authority (like puritans) -> sympathiy families were involved in the fronde.
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Why was suppression of the Jansenists poor royal policy?
Louis XIV turned his back in the Gallican liberties of the french church and fostered within the french chuch the core opposition to royal authority. In 1700s, because of this, parliament of paris and french judicial bodies reasserted their authority in the opposition of the monarchy.
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Identify Madame de Maintenon and explain her influence on Louis XIV.
Louis XIV mistress -> 2nd wife, deeply pious catholic who drew louis towards a much more devout religious observance.
like settled down on him -> got really catholic -> then revoke edict of nantes -> louis doesn't like ppl of different religious beliefs (use it to consolidate power)
In what ways did Louis XIV harass Huguenots before 1685?
Banned them from government offices and excluding them from professions like printing and medicine. Bullied them by quarting troops in their towns (tried to pay them off to convert).
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Identify the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1685. Why was this a blunder for Louis XIV?
Revoked Edict of Nantes which caused religious repression. (Protestant chuches and schols closed, protestant ministers exiled, nonconverting laity were condemned to be galley slaves, protestant childern were batipzied by Catholic priests.) Protestants aross europe saw him as a fanatic to be resisted, more than ¼ million people (a lot skilled) left france to form new communites or join resistances against louis in England, Germany, holland, and the new world/US. Made france become a symbol of religious repression.
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Identify League of Augsburg
Included England, Spain, Sweden, United Providances, major German States, and the support of habsburg emperor Leopold I. Against Louis occupying the free city of strasburg.
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Identify 9 Years War
Caused because of Louis occupying the free city of strasburg with his army, League vs France and at the same time was also England vs France in the new world/US. Ended with the Peace of Ryswick.
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What was the issue with the War of Spanish Succession?
The last habsburg king of Spain, Charles II died without any direct hiers so he said he was going to parition his inheritance among nations to preserve existing balance of power, well he didnt and gave it all to Philip of Anjou/Phillip V of Spain.
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Identify Phillip of Anjou
Louis grandson, got all of Charles II inheritance.
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Identify the Grand Alliance
England, Holland, and HRE created it to preserve balance of power by once and securing Flanders as a neutrol barrier between holland and france and by gaining the habsburg emperor his fair share of spanish inheritance.
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Identify John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough.
Beat Louis soldiers in every major war (but france beat spain) (also because of englands advance weapons (flintlock rifes, paper cartridges and ring bayonets) and tactics).
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What were Churchill's military tactics?
Thin, maneuverable troops columns rather than the traditional deep ones.
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Identify the terms of the Peace of Utrecht.
Peace between France and England + Holland (1714, Rastatt). Phillip V stayed king of SPain but England got Gibraliter, island of Minorca (mediterranean power), Louis recognized the right of he house of hanover to english throne.
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series of wars that louis 14 created, until habsburg monarch died and said he said i have the blood and i want it, then he wins the war (wars of spanish succession), and takes i, forshadow french revolution, versaiiles takes up a lot of $/gov. budget and also all the wars take $, go into bankruptcy in 1770s, finance minister is like STOP
STOP HERE. RESUME NEXT NIGHT FOR HOMEWORK
Identify Louis XV
5 years old when became king, great-grandson of Louis XIV, had his uncle, the duke of orleans be his regent until the dukes death.
very young
Identify duke of Orleans
Uncle of Louis XV, regent for him until his death in 1720, gambler
gambled a lot, like a papa for louis XV ,loose a lot of $
Look up term "regency."
Someone who was appointed to be the king/administrator of a country because the monarch is either a minor or incapacitated.
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What was the regency marked by?
Financial and moral scandals, further undermined the faltering prestige of the monarchy.
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Identify John Law
Scottish mathematician, gambler, was given the financial management of france for a bit by the duke of orleans. Though increase in paper money would stimulate economic recovery so he established a bank in paris, then a monopoly Mississippi company (trading privileges with french colony in Louisiana USA + took mangament of US debt).
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Identify Mississippi Bubble
^^^ what Law did. Created Mississippi Company, gave it stocks, when it rose, investors tried to sell their paper money for gold, which didn’t work because the company ran out of gold, so all payments of gold toped and Law fled France. Caused disgrance on goverment for supporting him, created fears for the company later on.
(thinking land was worth a lot/bubble), everyone thought the bonds from US/Lousisania were worth a lot, then value goes down, foreshadowing finance holding troubles, no parliament,
What became the chief feature of 18th century French political life?
The attempt of the nobility to use its authority to limit the power of the monarchy (parlements were affective for this)
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What policies of Louis XIV did the duke of Orleans reverse?
Reapproved reinstitiont of the full power of the Parlement of Paris to allow or disallow laws, reversed Louis XIV laws that left the nobility lacking in helping, and made parliaments more representative than monarchy.
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What became of the parlements?
Natural centers for arisocreatic + popular resistance to royal authority. They became more seen as presenting the nation than the monarchy.
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Identify Cardinal Fleury.
Worked to maintain the authority of the monarchy (jansenists) and continuin to preserve local interests of french nobility (like a prime minsister but not).
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In what ways was Fleury similar to Walpole?
He pursued economic prosperity at home and peace abaord but also couldnt prevent france from entering a worldwide colonial conflict.
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French happy when anne was having a child w/ louis, but then she miscarried 3 times so king disolved the marriage, king went to his hunting lodge (versailles) to live there (they werent living together, they aint getting baby), he wanted to spend less time with her (gov. not happy because if he doesnt get a heir, too many people will claim throne + take land).
He had a assenation attempt, so he was hidden in the “saftest place” (queens bedroom), then later the queen got pregnant again -> daphne was born Louis XV @ 5 he became king so mazarin took him in as a son (rumors of if he was), but then they was rumors anne and mazarin were going to kill him for the throne, at his age said he was going to rule over nobles and not get kicked around (was woken+poked to make sure he was alive, queen anne was regent queen.
Louis XV parlement (FRENCH), extended building program to versailles, build+move government into versailles to control gov. better., superficial
government wanted to be powerful cuz they wanted a strong army,
had biggest army during time 500k
during negotiations = louis thought he and a lot fo land (used during war for negotiations)
james video -
1 yr throne became king
rewrote bible -> in english
mama was catholic ->james was catholic baptized
Rasied by george buchanan as a protestant
james though more women were witches (cuz they thin and weak)
he was guardian against cult
versailles was hunting lodge just expanded
distract to rule
Absolute Monarchy: Crash Course European History
#13: Applying P.E.R.S.I.A. plus M
As we view this crash course episode, take notes on aspects of Louis XIV’s Divine Right, Royal Absolutist state by organizing those aspects in the PERSIA plus M model.
Political- Divine rights by king, model of absolute power for people, bossuet supported DRBK, divinity let go of anarchy cuz what he did was auto right (DRBK), states power and authority, war of devolution, ducth war, war of the league of ausgburg, war of the spanish succession (exuoght resorces than increase them)
aboslutionsm is expensive
Economic- stenched resources of nobles from increases in army, taxes so big so ppl have to live on bad stuff, the paulette (keep job for life or sell it), people bought their nobility (nobiity of robe), indentents (jean baptise colbert, ships bostas north US, support mercantislm {only so much wealth in earth, only to get money so they must fight for it))
Religious- king has divine right to throne, janisiam (replace church tred to, only full regluois commitment to chance france -> the fround (nobility was like why not talk to us before and anne was like nah), revoke edict of nantes -> ppl left,
Social- Life is bad, bad taxes so they had to eat black bread (added sawdust), louis diverted nobility + ppl with court life
Intellectual-
Artistic-
Military- anne increased army to get more terriorty, nobility of arms?
AP European History
Mr. Simpson
Unit V: European State Consolidation in the 17th and 18th Centuries
Module 1: The Netherlands: Golden Age of Decline pp. 168-170
Name the five European states that came to dominate until at least World War I.
Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
dominate until WW1 (~1700-~1900)
austria get bigger
poland goes bye bye and russia takes over (everyone gets a bit of poland blc they not centrilied + no military, fiefdoms ended them)
warm water port -> st petersburg
states that can consolidate power under a monarchy -> get stronger (dutch english french) and take over places
What two states dominated in the West, which two declined in power during the 16th-17th centuries?
Dominated = Britain and France
Declined = Spain and the United Netherlands
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What are the United Provinces of the Netherlands comprised of? Define Province.
It was comprised of 7 provinces (states).
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Identify Holland.
Most important province of the netherlands.
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Identify William of Orange (III)
Chief executive/ruler of holland (by family), railled dutch and led european coalition against france, became king of england (wife was mary II).
Orange house is famous cuz they thort the french
What role did he play and what major throne did he eventually take?
Railled dutch and led entire european coalition against france, became king of england (wife was mary II) by invitation from protestant english aristocrats.
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Formally, what type of government was the Netherlands?
Republic
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What marked Dutch religious life?
Toleration
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What religions lived side by side?
Calvinists, Roman Catholics, Protestants, and Jews.
everyone, general protestism is calvinist
What was the basis for the Dutch Republic's prosperity?
(Economy) Economic achievements built on the foundation of high urban consolidation, transformed agriculture, extensive trade and finance, and overseas commercial empire
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Where did most Dutch live?
In cities
Bigger urban population, 30-40%, more modern than rest of europe (sometimes technology, but culturally, mindset, economically)
What did Dutch farmers produce?
Dairy products, beef, and cash products (tulip bulbs).
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List other economic ventures that made the Dutch wealthy.
Fishing (herring + dried fish), textiles, ships buying and reselling items from other countries, and ship supply and shipbuilding.
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Identify the Dutch East India Company. What did it mainly trade?
Charting trading company, traded a lot in East Asia, traded spices.
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Look up the term "joint-stock company" and explain the concept.
A company that is owned by its shareholders (they own shares in the company)
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Why did unity among the provinces decline?
After William III of Britian died, the providecnes prevented the emerange of another strong stadtholder/cheif executive (what william was), so there wasnt any unified polictail leadership.
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What Dutch economic force continued to dominate Europe even during their decline?
Dutch banks (Amsterdam stock exchange kept being an important financial institution).
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(UNKNOWN IN TEXT) louise 14 getting more powerful, english civil war tell william to take throne, argicultural revolution
central bankers for europe blc they use boats, when us is found and trade is growing, they created new maritimes techniques 4 lots of journeys (goo @ trade of spices and agricultural)
dutch = NYC
wanted exploration and trade
each man owned their ship, going out in world is dangerous, instead of keeping all $ on a boat and perhaps looing it, dutch though why not have multiple people invest in one or each others ships {6-8, multiple} (joint-stock holders = spread risk, share profits, spilit/limit risk), so when ship dies they dont loose it all, all take on the risks, 10 ppl own 10 boats together
dutch east and west india company, dutch banks, they take over world
VIDEO: Dutch Golden Age
$$ controlled by merchants and high social classes (had land and tax), used their power
active business class back independent from spain
had a states general -> in charge of all stadtholder (role of it was debated)
war, peace, power distribution ^
printng hub
jews came from spain (ferdihand + isabella)
prosperity = melting pot of ppl
bringing back plants -> brought inivations
portuguese replaced dutch (in slave trade)
Made big ports and lots of canals
ppl lots of non-ducth items from trade
to be weather, must take from ppl (mercantilism)
republic, constitution, werasry of abolstitlism