Infection control and isolation

Chain of Infection

  • infectious agent

  • reservoir- the habitat of the infectious agent— habitat where an infectious agent can live, grow, and replicate.

  • portal of exit- route by which an infectious pathogen will leave the reservoir through

  • mode of transmission

  • portal of entry

  • susceptible host



Portal exit examples:

-ears

-nose

-mouth




Mode of transmission

  • contact- contact with an object or person

  • droplet- coughing, sneezing, singing

  • airborne- air

  • vehicle- contaminated water

  • vector - insects




portal of entry:






contact transmission

  1. direct contact

  2. nondirect contact






droplet transmissio


examples: covid-19, flu, pertussis



airborne transmission


examples:tuberculosis , rubeola(measles), varicella








BODY DEFENSES AND IMMUNITY

  • there are three specfic defenses to fight off pahtogens 1

  1. physical & chemical barriers

  2. nonspecific immunity

  3. specific immunity



  1. Physical and chemical barriers

  2. Non-specific immunity - Nonspecific immunity is maintained by neutrophils and macrophages - Both are types of WBCs and their work as phagocytes.

    - Phagocytes eat and destroy micro-organisms, which helps protect the body from harm. - Both neutrophils and macrophages are released during the inflammatory response.










modes of transmission continue

contact: wear gloves and gown

  • shigella and scabies


dropelet

example: adenovirus



how are patients isolated

  • either through a private room

  • or a cohort- where patients with similar diagnosis are placed (at least 3 feet of separation between clients is recommended to prevent clients from sharing items, either intentionally or unintentionally)

  • always remove PPE inside of patiet room and throw it in the trash





Healthcare associated infections (HAI)

THERE ARE 4 MAJOR HAIS

1.Central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs)

  1. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)

  2. Surgical-site infections (SSIs)

  3. Ventilator-assisted pneumonias (VAPs)




Multidrug-Resistant organism Infections

-Bacteria that are resistant to one or more classes of existing antimicrobials.


Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDROs)

  • Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

  • Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)

  • Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA)

  • Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA)

  • Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing organisms

  • Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MDRSP)





what ppe should be worn when:
Performing a wound irrigation where splashing is expected in the facial area.


goggles, faceshield, maks, loves, gown, n95 respirator






performing a swab on the oropharyngeal area

understand these steps





Intervening for unexpected outcomes

  • irritation of an inflammed epiglottis can reuskt in edema whcih can cause an obstruction ot airway










setting up a sterile field




  1. place the sterile kit or tray in the center of a waist high work surface

  2. 2. open the outermost wrapper and discard, keeping hadns above wasit level DO NOT. DROP THEM ANYHTING BELOW WAIST LEVEL= NOT STERILE!