1. MM

Optimizing Reaction Conditions

• Temperature Ranges

  • Boiling solvents: 80–120 °C

  • Low temperatures: –80 °C or below

• Reaction Duration

  • Short: A few minutes

  • Long: Hours

• Reagent Quantities

  • Critical amounts

  • Large excesses

• Solvent Choices

  • Water-sensitive reactions

  • Alternatives: toluene, ether, ethanol, DMF

• Thermodynamic Principles

  • Visual and practical approach

  • Two key equations to memorize