CW

ELMINATION

1. Renal Failure (Acute vs. Chronic)

Layman’s Terms:

  • Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): sudden kidney shutdown (hours–days), often reversible.

  • Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): long-term, progressive loss of kidney function.

Key Points:

  • Kidneys remove waste + balance fluids/electrolytes.

  • Failure → waste buildup (BUN/Cr high), fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance (esp. potassium).

ADPIE Priority:

  • A: Labs (BUN, creatinine, GFR), urine output (<30 mL/hr danger), edema, weight gain, potassium levels.

  • D: Fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, risk for arrhythmias, impaired elimination.

  • P: Maintain fluid/electrolyte balance, prevent complications (esp. hyperkalemia, acidosis).

  • I: Monitor I&O, daily weights, restrict fluids/sodium/potassium, prepare for dialysis if severe.

  • E: Stable labs (K+, Cr, BUN), controlled BP, adequate urine or managed on dialysis.


2. Fluid & Electrolyte Concepts

Layman’s Terms: Kidneys act like filters + faucets, controlling body’s water and “salts” (Na, K, Ca, Mg). When they fail → imbalance.

Priorities:

  • High K+ = heart rhythm issues.

  • Low Ca/Mg = cramps, seizures.

  • Too much fluid = swelling, high BP, lung fluid.

ADPIE Priority:

  • A: Daily weights, edema, lung sounds, electrolytes, strict I&O.

  • D: Risk for fluid overload or dehydration, electrolyte imbalance.

  • P: Prevent dangerous shifts, maintain balance.

  • I: Replace deficits (IV fluids, electrolytes), restrict excess, diuretics.

  • E: Balanced labs, stable vitals, no fluid overload.


3. ABG Compensation

Layman’s Terms: Kidneys + lungs balance acids and bases. If lungs fail (respiratory), kidneys help fix. If kidneys fail (metabolic), lungs help.

Example:

  • Kidney failure = can’t remove acid → metabolic acidosis. Lungs try to help = deep rapid breathing (Kussmaul’s).

ADPIE Priority:

  • A: ABGs, breathing pattern, mental status.

  • D: Risk for acid-base imbalance, impaired gas exchange.

  • P: Maintain near-normal ABGs.

  • I: Treat cause (dialysis, O2, fluids), monitor breathing.

  • E: ABGs improve, pt breathing easier.


4. Dialysis Types

Layman’s Terms:

  • Hemodialysis: blood cleaned with machine (3x/week).

  • Peritoneal dialysis: belly lining acts as filter using catheter + dialysate.

ADPIE Priority:

  • A: Access site (fistula, graft, or catheter), bruit/thrill, infection signs, weight, BP.

  • D: Risk for infection, fluid imbalance, electrolyte imbalance.

  • P: Keep patient safe during/after dialysis, avoid complications.

  • I: Hold BP meds before HD, monitor for hypotension, bleeding, infection.

  • E: Stable weight, labs, BP, no access complications.


5. Nephritis (Pyelonephritis)

Layman’s Terms: Kidney infection → bacteria climbed up urinary tract → fever, flank pain, burning pee.

ADPIE Priority:

  • A: Fever, flank pain, cloudy urine, WBCs, positive cultures.

  • D: Infection, pain, impaired elimination.

  • P: Clear infection, prevent damage.

  • I: IV antibiotics, fluids, antipyretics, teach prevention (hygiene, hydration).

  • E: No fever, negative culture, improved urine output.


6. Acute Glomerulonephritis

Layman’s Terms: Immune system attacks kidneys (often after strep throat). Causes swelling, blood in urine, high BP.

ADPIE Priority:

  • A: Cola-colored urine, proteinuria, edema, HTN, recent infection.

  • D: Fluid overload, risk for renal impairment.

  • P: Manage fluid, control BP, protect kidneys.

  • I: Sodium/fluid restriction, antihypertensives, diuretics, antibiotics if infection.

  • E: BP stable, urine clears, edema decreases.


7. Nephrosclerosis

Layman’s Terms: Hardening of kidney blood vessels (like scarring pipes). Often from long-term high BP → kidney damage.

ADPIE Priority:

  • A: Hypertension, protein in urine, decreasing GFR.

  • D: Risk for renal impairment, ineffective tissue perfusion.

  • P: Control BP, slow kidney damage.

  • I: Strict BP control (ACE inhibitors, diuretics), monitor labs, educate lifestyle changes.

  • E: Stable BP, slower CKD progression.