Small animal

Chapter 26

  • Specimen Collection Methods for Urine Samples

    • Preferred Method for Culture and Sensitivity Testing

    • Cystocentesis

      • Rationale: Cystocentesis is the preferred method as it ensures minimal contamination and directly accesses the bladder.

    • Contamination in Urine Samples

    • Free Catch

      • This method often results in samples that may be contaminated with cells from the distal genital tract.

    • Direction for Needle During Cystocentesis

    • The needle should be directed Cranially.

    • Urine Sample Analysis Timing

    • Urine samples should be analyzed within Less than 1 hour after collection if they are not refrigerated.

    • Test Before Refrigerating Urine Sample

    • Specific Gravity tests should be performed before refrigerating a urine sample.

Chapter 27

  • Urination Terminology

    • Increase in Frequency of Urination

    • Pollakiuria describes an increase in the frequency of urination over a 24-hour period.

    • Normal Urine Output for Adult Dogs and Cats

    • Normal urine output is 20 to 40 mL/kg body weight per day.

    • Absence of Urine Production

    • Anuria is the term that describes the absence of urine production.

    • Sample Appearance and Specific Gravity

    • Low Specific Gravity: Sample appearance correlating with low specific gravity is Cloudy.

    • High Specific Gravity: Sample appearance correlating with high specific gravity is Clear.

Chapter 28

  • Urine Constituents During Pregnancy

    • Elevated Constituent in Late Pregnancy of Cows and Ewes

    • Protein is most likely to be elevated.

    • Differentiating Between Hematuria and Hemoglobinuria

    • B: Hematuria causes visible reddish-brown discoloration of the urine, whereas hemoglobinuria is detectable only with a reagent strip.

    • Confirming the Presence of Bilirubin

    • Use Ictotest to confirm the presence of bilirubin when detected with a dipstick test.

    • Total Sugar Measurement in Urine

    • Use Clinitest to measure total sugar in urine.

    • Excess Protein Confirmation

    • Use Sulfosalicylic acid turbidity to confirm the presence of excess protein detected with a dipstick test.

Chapter 29

  • Urine Crystals

    • Common Crystal in Ethylene Glycol Toxicity

    • Calcium oxalate is commonly associated with ethylene glycol toxicity in small animals.

    • Crystal with Coffin Lid Appearance

    • Triple phosphate crystals are often described as having a "coffin lid" appearance.

    • Common Crystal in Equine Urine

    • Calcium carbonate gives equine urine its milky appearance.

    • Crystals in Dalmatian Urine

    • Uric acid crystals are commonly found in the urine of Dalmatian dogs.

    • Flat Crystal with Six Sides

    • Cystine crystal typically appears flat and has six sides.

Chapter 30

  • Types of Blood Samples

    • Preferred Types of Blood Assays

    • Serum is often used for various blood assays.

    • Term for Fluid Containing Fibrin

    • Plasma is the term that refers to fluid that contains fibrin.

    • Terms Describing Centrifuged Samples

    • Icteric refers to the discoloration in samples indicating liver disease.

    • Urinary System Anatomy

    • Components of the Urinary System

    • Includes Two kidneys, one urethra, two ureters, and one urinary bladder.

    • Lobulated Kidney Appearance

    • Cows are noted for having kidneys with a lobulated appearance.

    • Definition of Hilus

    • Hilus refers to the indented area on the side of the kidney.

    • Basic Functional Unit of the Kidney

    • The basic functional unit of the kidney is the Nephron.

    • Result of Insufficient Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

    • Polyuria can result from insufficient production of ADH.

    • Urinary Bladder Lining

    • Lineage consists of Transitional epithelial cells.

    • Term for Decreased Urine Volume

    • Oliguria describes a decrease in the volume of voided urine over a 24-hour period.

    • Term for Increased Urine Volume

    • Polyuria describes an increase in the volume of voided urine over a 24-hour period.