ORALCOMM FINALS

Speech Context:

• Intrapersonal communication

• Interpersonal communication

• Public communication

• Mass communication

Speech Acts:

• Locution - phonic, phatic, rhetic

  • “Put the dog beside me”

  • Phonic: can be verbal or nonverbal. consider choice of words

  • Phatic: arranging words in their proper order

  • Rhetic: meaning of the sentence

• Illocution - Assertive, Commisive, Directive, Expressive, Declaration

  • The speaker wants the receiver to put the dog beside them

• Perlocution

  • The receiver puts the dog beside the speaker

Communicative Competence:

4 areas:

• Linguistic - knowledge in structuring words grammatically

• Sociolinguistic - sensitivity to the setting, topic, and attitude of the speaker

• Discourse - cohesive and coherent in structuring sentences. it is also the ability to hold a long conversation without the audience losing interest

• Strategic - ability to recognize when there is a communication breakdown

7 strategies:

• Nomination - suggesting or opening a topic for a conversation

  • “Have you noticed the weather?”

• Restriction - the restrict you have as a speaker. there is a limit to what you can say

  • “Now let’s talk about how sweet my dog is”

• Turn-taking- decide who will take the conversational floor.

  • “I’ll give you the chance to speak after me”

• Topic control - control and prevenet unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. It may also depend on the formality and informality of the situation

  • “Let’s go back to the topic”

  • “This is what we’re talking about right? Let’s stick to that”

• Topic shifting - moving from one topic to another

  • “By the way, my Kiko Milano lip gloss got lost”

• Repair - used when the conversation turned sour. the speaker addresses the problems

  • “Im sorry, the word should be pronounced as these nuts not deez nots”

  • “Excuse me, but I think you got my order wrong”

• Termination - ending the conversation

  • “It was nice talking to you, see you around!”

Types of speeches according to PURPOSE

• Expository/Informative - most common

  • classifications: explanation/ demonstration (explains the process of how something is done) and description

  • classifications according to TOPIC: object/people, events, process (instructs audience how to do something), concepts

• Persuasive - challenging type

• Entertainment

Types of speech according to DELIVERY

• speaking with a manuscript

  • Newscasting

  • Legal proceedings in court

  • Reading rules and criteria in a contest

• memorized speech

  • Peforming a play

  • Delivering a declamation, oratorical or literary piece

  • Actors performing a memorized script

• impromptu speech

  • example: First day at work/ in class or during an interview

  • Bridging

  • Reframing

  • Play as a devil’s advocate

  • Past-present-future

  • PREP: point-reason-example/explanation - point

  • Opening-rule of three-clincher

• extemporaneous speech

  • When you are assigned to report a topic in class

Principles of Speech Writing

• Choosing the topic:

  • 1.) start with your basic interest

    2.) review your experiences

    3.) stop and look at the things around you

    4.) be like a journalist (ask the 4 Wh’s and 1 H)

    5.) watch television or read newspaper

    6.) narrow your topic

• Analyzing the audience

  • Psychographics - the study and classification of people according to their attitudes, aspirations, and other psychological criteria, especially in market research

    • Motivation - Is the attendance of your audience by choice or by requirement? Make sure they enjoy your speech

    • Values - principles and standards.

      - Homogenous audiences: easier to deal with. they share a single set of vales (single standard)

      -Heterogenous: there’s diversity in terms of what they live by

    • Level of agreement/attitude - will they oppose, support or remain neutral about your topic?

    • Beliefs - what do they believe in as a member of their group?

  • Demographics - statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it. background of the person

    • Ethnicity - Because our society is becoming increasingly multicultural, it is important that the speaker attunes him/herself to the beliefs, culture and traditions of your audience.

    • Race - Avoid offending different races, avoid stereotyping or saying offensive remarks

    • Religion - It is important that the speaker knows the possible extent and potency of the religious beliefs within your audience

    • Sex - biological characteristics (male and female)

    • Gender - perceptions of sexuality (own preference)

    • Marital status - do not make groundless premises because these can either bore or elicit anger on your audience

    • Age - the age of your audience will determine the limitation in your speech, the language you use, the rate at which you speak, and the organization of your speech.

      -older generation is more traditional and conservative. what they believe before should still be true today. the younger generation is more open to change.

    • Group affiliation and Occupation - If your audience belongs to a specific group, indulge them by relating your speech to their field. (interests, hobbies, profession)

    • Region - It will be easier for the speaker to relate their speech to specific culture of the region. the speaker can mention food, places, and words from that region.

  • Situational Information - details about the event and its logistics

    • Environmental factors:

      • Nature of event - Dictates the mood that you should set for your speech (informal, formal, tone)

      • Location - is the place ideal for the audience? (is it convenient for them?)

      • Size of audience - speech context dictates a lot about your style and approach

      • Physical arrangement

      • Technology - do they have enough equipment to support my speech? knowing what you can use can give you enough time and adjustments for preparations

    • Temporal factors:

      • Time of day - Speaker must sustain their interest despite factors caused by time. regardless of time, you must catch their attention

      • Speaking order - going first can be easy for you to catch the attention of the audience, but you will set the standard. if you go second, you are prone to comparison but the good thing is your audience is warmed-up. if you go last, your audience is tired and you have to exert extra effort

      • Length of speech - strictly follow given time

• Sourcing the information - supporting details

  • Apparent worth - would they learn something from your topic? is it beneficial for them?

  • Appropriateness - is this material fitting to the theme and audience?

  • Interest - would they enjoy or get bored of the topic? topic = interest

  • Availability of material - go for something where references can be easily acquired

• Outlining and organizing - arranging information

  • Chronological - if time is an important factor in your topic, this is the best choice

  • Spatial -if space or location is important in your speech, this is the best to use (ex: food, categorize it according to location)

  • Causal - cause and effect patterns

  • Problem-solution - discusses the problem and its resolutions

7 Principles of Speech Delivery

• Perception - you dont need to impress them with how you look, impress them with your intelligence. wow them with not what they see, but what they hear and learn. the most important purpose of the speaker is to get their message across. (Content)

• Perfection - dont make mistakes a big deal. mistakes are inevitable but how you handle yourself matters the most

• Visualization - stop thinking negative thoughts. self-love.

• Discipline - make it a habit. practice makes perfectly good.

• Description - review your experiences to add a personal touch to your speech. use your own stories.

• Inspiration - speak to serve. make sure that the audience will gain something from your speech.

• Anticipation - always surprise your audience.