scan-14b
Renewed Activity in Madrid
Key Objectives and Reforms
Judicial System: Emphasis on the importance of judges knowing local dialects to reduce reliance on interpreters.
Property and Civil Registers: Establishment of reliable property and civil registration systems.
Abolition of Taxes: Elimination of the diezmos prediales and sanctorum tax.
Educational Reforms: Creation of secondary education institutes across provinces, and radical reforms of the University of the Philippines.
Agricultural Development: Promotion of crops such as cotton, cacao, and indigo; establishment of agricultural banks.
Trade Treaties: Revision or celebration of treaties with China and Japan.
Territorial Delimitation: Redefinition of Philippine provinces.
Infrastructure: Development of highways and railroads.
Economic Crisis Response: Addressing the monetary and agricultural crises affecting the Philippines.
Public Administration Reforms: General reforms aimed at improving the administration in the archipelago.
Foundation of the Asociación Hispano-Filipina
Founded by Miguel Morayta in July 1888, the Asociación Hispano-Filipina aimed at improving the social and administrative state of the Philippines through legal propaganda.
Initial objectives included mandatory Spanish teaching in schools and the abolition of corporal punishment.
Cartooned as largely ineffective at first, it had minimal impact on public opinion, especially concerning attacks on the friars.
Leadership and Membership Dynamics
Officers included prominent members like Miguel Morayta (president) and Antonio Luna (treasurer).
Initial enthusiasm waned among the Filipino community due to doubts about Spanish commitment to Filipino interests.
Figures like Rizal and Del Pilar remained cautious and favoring direct action over organizations involving Spanish that were perceived as unreliable.
Press and Publication Efforts
Several newspapers emerged in Madrid, including La Solidaridad, which aimed to reflect Filipino concerns, though they often faced criticism and skepticism.
Attempts to influence Spanish public opinion through articles and propaganda faced challenges, as the overall perception of Filipinos was often negative.
The publication La Vanguardia Filipina also emerged, focusing on educational and reform-related themes.
The Campaign for Representation in the Cortes
The fight for parliamentary representation in the Cortes became the central focus for Del Pilar and allies by 1890.
After various machinations, Calvo Munoz proposed an amendment for Filipino electoral representation, gathering moderate support but ultimately falling short of success due to the change in government.
Rizal expressed skepticism toward promises for representation, emphasizing the importance of practical governance and more immediate reforms.
Challenges and Setbacks
Political dynamics shifted with the fall of the Liberal government in 1890 causing frustration among Filipino reformers.
Discontent among the Filipino nationalists grew, as their efforts seemed futile in changing public policy or opinion regarding their rights.
Conclusion
Overall, while the Asociación Hispano-Filipina and allied groups mounted campaigns for Filipino rights, they faced tremendous hurdles in achieving significant political victories or reform, as Spanish political interests often contradicted the freedoms sought by Filipinos.