Unit 5: Revolutions from c. 1750 to c. 1900
Unit 5: Revolutions from c. 1750 to c. 1900
Context (1750-1900):
Increased integration into global trade networks.
New technologies fostered closer integration (machinery, locomotives, telegraphs, steel mills).
The Industrial Revolution caused manufacturing output to skyrocket, beginning in Great Britain and affecting the world.
The Industrial Revolution set the stage for changes in international relations, politics, and demography.
Foreign Power:
Industrializing countries protected access by controlling overseas lands for resources and markets.
Rebellions against foreign domination occurred (e.g., the United States and Haiti).
A New Type of Country:
Shift from multi-ethnic empires or small homogenous kingdoms to nation-states.
Nation-states: shared culture within the same country.
Breaking up empires and combining kingdoms led to war.
Movements of People:
Industrialization caused massive human migrations.
Demand for labor shifted, leading to resettlement (e.g., Europeans to the Americas and Australia).
Coerced labor: South Asians in southern Africa.
Enslaved Africans forcibly taken to the Americas.
These movements diversified communities.
Topics and Learning Objectives
Topic 5.1: The Enlightenment (pages 275-284)
A: Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900.
B: Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.
Topic 5.2: Nationalism and Revolutions (pages 285-296)
C: Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900.
Topic 5.3: Industrial Revolution Begins (pages 297-303)
D: Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.
Topic 5.4: Industrialization Spreads (pages 304-309)
E: Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time.
Topic 5.5: Technology in the Industrial Age (pages 310-316)
F: Explain how technology shaped economic production over time.
Topic 5.6: Industrialization: Government’s Role (pages 317-324)
G: Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.
Topic 5.7: Economic Developments and Innovations (pages 325-331)
H: Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900.
Topic 5.8: Reactions to the Industrial Economy (pages 332-342)
I: Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900.
Topic 5.9: Society and the Industrial Age (pages 343-350)
J: Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.
Topic 5.10: Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age (pages 351-356)
K: Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900.
5.1 The Enlightenment
Central Idea: Emphasis on reason over tradition and individualism over community values.
Time Period: 17th and 18th centuries.
Key Figures: Descartes emphasized reason; others advocated individualism, freedom, and self-determination.
Impact: Challenged monarchs and church leaders, planting seeds of revolution worldwide.
An Age of New Ideas
Roots: Growing out of the Scientific Revolution and humanism of the Renaissance, Enlightenment thought was optimistic.
Core belief: Applying reason to natural laws would result in progress.
Emphasis: Human accomplishments in understanding the natural world, while not denying God.
Natural Laws: Belief that natural laws governed social and political spheres.
Religion: Traditional religion became less pervasive.
New Schools of Thought: Socialism and liberalism arose, giving rise to “the Age of Isms”.
Conservatism: Opposed socialism and liberalism, popular among European ruling class.
Revolutions: Clash between new ideas and old political structures led to revolutions with two aims: independence and constitutional representation.
Nationalism: Intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture.
Nation-States: The idea that people who share a culture should live in an independent nation-state threatened multiethnic empires.
New Ideas and Their Roots
Empiricism:
Francis Bacon emphasized empirical methods of scientific inquiry.
Belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience and observation through experiments, not tradition or religion.
Hobbes and Locke:
Philosophers who viewed political life as the result of a social contract.
Hobbes: Argued people’s natural state was bleak, "nasty, brutish, and short." People give up rights to a strong central government for law and order.
Locke: Argued social contract implied right to revolt against unjust government. People have natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
Locke's "tabula rasa": Child born with a mind like a blank slate waiting to be filled with knowledge.
The Philosophes
Definition: Thinkers and writers who explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways.
Popularized concepts from scientific thinkers.
Key Figures:
Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin (America)
Adam Smith (Scotland)
Baron Montesquieu
Voltaire
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Baron Montesquieu:
Advocated checks on power in government.
Influenced the American system of separated executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
Authored The Spirit of Laws (1748) praising the British government.
Voltaire:
Known for social satire Candide (1762).
Advocated civil liberties and religious liberty and judicial reform.
Appreciated England’s constitutional monarchy and civil rights during his exile.
Influenced the U.S. Constitution.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau:
Expanded on the social contract.
Authored Emile, or On Education (1762) about child-rearing.
Authored The Social Contract (1762), presented the concept of the General Will of a population.
Inspired many revolutionaries of the late 18th century.
Adam Smith:
Responded to mercantilism by calling for freer trade in The Wealth of Nations (1776).
Advocated for laissez-faire, meaning governments should reduce intervention in economic decisions.
Believed the "invisible hand" of the market would guide businesses to make choices beneficial for society.
Provided a foundation for capitalism: means of production privately owned and operated for profit.
Deism:
Belief that a divinity set natural laws in motion and does not interfere (divinity= watchmaker).
Laws best understood through scientific inquiry.
Deists viewed church attendance as a social obligation.
Thomas Paine:
Advocated Deism in The Age of Reason (1794).
Advocated liberty from Britain in Common Sense (1776).
European Intellectual Life (1250–1789):
Medieval Scholasticism: Reason to defend faith; writing and debating; reliant on Aristotle; little experimentation.
Renaissance Humanism: Wrote practical books, emphasized human achievements, focused on secularism and the individual.
Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment: Emphasized empirical data; believed in natural rights, progress, and reason; wanted new constitutions; supported religious toleration; wrote for the reading public.
The Age of New Ideas Continues
Europe and America:
Enlightenment thinkers reacted to social ills caused by urbanization and industrialization.
Increased poverty, slums, and lack of political representation.
Proposed solutions: government regulations, programs, private charity.
Conservatives blamed the poor.
Conservatism:
Belief in traditional institutions and reliance on practical experience over ideological theories.
Utopian Socialism:
Economic and political theory: public or direct worker ownership of the means of production.
Utopian socialists felt society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities:
Henri de Saint-Simon: Scientists and engineers could operate clean, efficient places to work.
Charles Fourier: Believed harmonious living in communities was fundamental to utopia.
Robert Owen: Established intentional communities with education for children, communal ownership, and community rules.
Fabian Society: Gradual socialists in England who favored reforming society by parliamentary means; writers like H.G. Wells, Virginia Woolf, and George Bernard Shaw.
*By the mid-20th century, socialist principles would influence most of Western Europe.Classical Liberalism:
Belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and churches.
Classical liberals pursued changes in Parliament reflecting changing population patterns.
Backed Reform Bills of 1832, 1867, and 1884, which broadened male suffrage.
Feminism:
Movement for women’s rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas.
Olympe de Gouges: Fought for women's rights during the French Revolution.
Mary Wollstonecraft: Argued that females should receive the same education as males.
*Women won the full right to vote in 1928.Seneca Falls Convention (1848): Activists gathered to promote women’s rights and suffrage.
Organizers Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton declared, “All men and women are created equal.”
Abolitionism:
Movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free enslaved people.
Slave trading was banned earlier than slavery itself.
*The first states banned slave trade were Denmark (1803), Great Britain (1807), and the United States (1808).United States was the rare country where numbers increased after the importation of enslaved people ended.
Brazil was the last country in the Americas to end slavery (1888).
The End of Serfdom:
Declining in Europe due to changed economy.
Peasant revolts pushed leaders toward reform.
Queen Elizabeth I abolished serfdom in 1574.
French government abolished feudal rights in 1789.
Alexander II of Russia abolished serfdom in 1861 (largest single emancipation).
Zionism:
Desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland in the Middle East.
Response to anti-Semitism and pogroms.
Theodor Herzl led the movement.
Increased support after the Dreyfus Affair in France.
Obstacles: Ottoman control, Palestinian Arabs, religious aspect.
*Modern country of Israel was founded in 1948.
5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions
Central Idea: Desire of common people for constitutional government and democratic practices erupted in revolutions.
Thinkers: Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre believed Revolutions were bloody, disruptive, and unlikely to yield positive results.
New Ideals: Progress, reason, and natural law.
The American Revolution
Inspiration: European Enlightenment philosophy.
Economic factors: free market ideas in opposition to English mercantilism.
Political factors: Colonial legislatures making decisions usually made by Parliament.
Great distances separated the colonists from Parliament and the king in London.
Key Idea: Declaration of Independence expressed the philosophy behind the colonists’ fight against British rule with “unalienable rights” from John Locke: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Outcome: Colonists triumphed with help from France in 1783.
The New Zealand Wars
European colonization lead to conflicts with indigenous populations
The Maori people were divided into individual tribes, or iwi.
British annexation in 1840 led to increased English control and pressure for land.
By 1872, the British had won, despite the Maori tribes fighting together, developing a sense of Maori nationalism.
The French Revolution
Ideals: Liberté, égalité, et fraternité (liberty, equality, and fraternity).
Causes:
France spent more than it was taking in, partly to finance a series of wars.
Economic aid to the Americans in their revolution.
Inequality in voting caused the commoners (97% of French Society) to break away and form a new body, the National Assembly.
Key Events:
Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789): symbolized abuses of the monarchy and corrupt aristocracy.
Peasants rose up against nobles.
Abolition of feudalism and adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
Louis XVI refused to accept the limited monarchy, which led to dissatisfaction among radical groups such as the Jacobins and inspired the establishment of the First French
Republic in 1792.
The Reign of Terror: Government executed thousands of opponents.
Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor in 1804.
The Haitian Revolution
Context: French colony of Haiti (St. Domingue) comprised of enslaved Africans.
Key Factors:
Formerly enslaved Toussaint L’Ouverture led a general rebellion against slavery in 1791, which was inspired by the American and French Revolutions.
Established an independent government and played the French, Spanish, and British against each other.
Outcomes:
In 1801, L’Ouverture produced a constitution for equality and citizenship.
Haiti enacted land reform and distributed lands among formerly enslaved and free black people.
1804: L’Ouverture’s successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, orchestrated a Haitian declaration of permanent independence.
Haiti became the first country in Latin America to win its independence and the first black-led country in the Western Hemisphere.
The only country to become permanently independent as a result of a slave uprising.
Creole Revolutions in Latin America
Creoles: Born of European ancestry in the Americas; educated and aware of Enlightenment ideas.
Social Structure: Creoles considered themselves superior to mestizos, peninsulares felt superior to everyone.
Reasons for Discontent:
Creoles opposed Spain’s mercantilism.
Creoles wanted more political power.
Mestizos wanted political power and a share of the wealth.
The Bolívar Revolutions
Key Figure: Simón Bolívar promoted independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Born in Venezuela in 1783 to a very rich family from Spain to whom Bolivar would later use wealth from for his revolutionary causes.
Goals: Independence and a federation of areas that he called Gran Colombia, similar to the United States, based on Enlightenment ideals.
Outcomes:
New nations suffered from long wars of independence.
The rise of caudillos emerged as strong, local leaders.
Governments were often conservative and constitutions forbade voting by those who could not read or write in Spanish, effectively denying most indigenous people the vote.
Creoles formed powerful and conservative upper class.Women gained little from the revolutions.
The lover of Simón Bolívar Manuela Saenz participated in fighting, rising to be the rank of colonel.
Later Challenges to Spanish Colonialism
Spain maintained control over parts of its empire until the late 19th century.
Beginning in 1868 Puerto Rico and Cuba saw uprisings against Spanish rule.
Lola Rodríguez de Tió advocated for revolution and was forced into exile in Venezuela, Cuba, and New York.
Revolt in the Philippines
Limited educational opportunities led young men to travel to Europe where they embraced nationalist fervor and republicanism.
Led into the Propaganda Movement, advocating for autonomy for the Philippines
José Rizal’s arrest (1892) and execution (1896) helped spur the Philippine Revolution.
Unification
Nationalism increased in France, Europe, and in the Americas.
People felt a bond with language, history, and custom.
Nationalism threatened large empires and drove efforts to unite people with one culture into a political state.
Italian Unification:
Count di Cavour united the Italian Peninsula under the House of Savoy.
Cavour used realpolitik to advance the cause of Italian unity through manipulation.
Adopted Giuseppe Mazzini’s philosophy of Risorgimento. Cavour also allied with the Red Shirts military force led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
German Unification:
Otto von Bismarck used nationalist feelings and realpolitik to engineer three wars for German unification.
After manipulating the Austria and France in 3 wars Prussia gained territory ultimately forming the new German Empire in 1871.
The new German Empire was made up of territories from Alsace-Lorraine to border the areas between France and Germany.
The Global Consequences of Unification
By 1871, two new powers, Italy and Germany, were on the international stage in an environment of competing alliances.
Unification did not solve all Italian troubles leading to considerable emigration to Argentina and The United States during the late nineteenth century.
*Balance of power would be achieved briefly through alliances, but extreme nationalism would lead to World War I.
Balkan Nationalism
Context: Ottoman Empire’s decline led to Balkan nationalism.
Exposure to Enlightenment principles.
Increased contact with Western European ideas and powers that Balkan
nationalism developed
*Exposure to Greek reverence helped reawaken Greek cultural and stoke the fires of Greek nationalismOutside powers (Russia, Austria) aided in achieving independence.
Ottoman Nationalism
Ottomanism (1870s-1880s): Movement to create a modern, unified state by minimizing ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences.
Taking control of local schools and mandating a standard curriculum was a major part of this drive.
Ironically, the attempt to create a more unified state actually led to intensified feelings of difference and promoted the desire for independence.
The Future of Nationalism
Some signs suggest nationalism might be declining.
European countries agreed to use the same currency, allow free travel, and coordinate public policies.
*Nationalism might give way to other forms of political organization.
5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins
Change was so dramatic that it is called the Industrial Revolution.
*The rigid structure of early factory work is one of the most enduring images of
the Industrial Revolution.Industrialization: Increased mechanization of production and social changes that accompanied this shift.
Agricultural Improvements
Agricultural revolution resulted in increased productivity.
Crop rotation and the seed drill both increased food production.
Introduction of the potato from South America contributed more calories
to people’s dietsNations industrialized, populations grew because more food was available.
*Improved medical care increased and infant mortality rates declined and people lived longer.
Preindustrial Societies
During the early 18th century, most British families lived in rural areas and grew most of their food.
*A result of the commercial revolution and the establishment
of maritime empires, Indian cotton became available in Britain. Then, British citizens started building their nation’s own cotton cloth industry for higher cotton standards
*Cottage industry system was in which merchants provided raw cotton which was given to women for their own homes where they spun it into finished cloth.
Household textile cottage industry was doomed as textile production
*Was moved to efficient factories to house these bulky machines.
Growth of Technology
The spinning jenny allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time.
*The water frame used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel.
*The water frame was more efficient than a single person’s labor, dooming
the household textile cottage industry, as textile production
were moved to factories big enough to house these bulky machines.
*Arkwright was
thus considered the father of the factory system.
Interchangeable Parts
In Whitney’s system, if a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could easily be replaced with a new, identical part.
Factory owners no
longer had to rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product.
Henry Ford expanded the concept of the division of labor by developing the moving assembly line to manufacture his Model T automobiles.
Interchangeable Parts
In 1798, Eli Whitney created a system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms.
*Entrepreneurs created this method of making any machine
adapting this firearms product.Specialization and division of labor was a pivotal contribution to industrial technology.
*Henry Ford expanded the concept of the division of labor, developing the moving
assembly line to manufacture his Model T Automobiles.
Britain’s Industrial Advantages
Located on the Atlantic Ocean with its many seaways, Britain was well placed to import raw materials and export finished goods.
*Britain was located atop immense coal deposits.
*Coal was vital to industrialization because when
burned it could power the steam engine.Fossil fuels were an energy source derived from plant and animal remains used in
the process of separating iron from its ore allowing the building
of larger bridges, taller buildings, and stronger
ships.
Resources from the Colonies
As a colonizing power, Britain also had access to resources in its colonies, (timber for ships).
*enough british capitalists had been accumulated with excess capital (money available to invest in
businessesBritain, the northeastern United States, and other regions also had an network
of rivers supplemented by publicly funded
canals and harbors.
Strong FleetsBritain ships brought agricultural products to Britain to be used to make finished products for consumers.
Protection of Private Property
Entrepreneurs needed assurance that the business they created and developed would be protected.
Growing Population and Urbanization
The enclosure movement was instrumental in causing small farmers to move from rural areas to urban areas, such as Manchester and Liverpool.
*The enclosure movement was instrumental in a
wave of demographic change—forcing small farmers to move from rural areas
to urban areas such as Manchester and Liverpool, creating the workforce for
the new and growing industries.
5.4 Industrialization Spreads
Although the Industrial Revolution began in Britain, it soon spread elsewhere.
British cottage industry system for the production of cotton replaced factories.
*After Britain industrialized, Belgium and then France
and Germany following.
possess the same amount of capital, natural resources, and similar wat
Russia and
Japan also transformed and industrialized.
Spread of Industrialization
France had sparsely populated urban centers, which limited labor for factories.
*French Revolution 1789-1799 and subsequent consumed the attention and the population.
*Germany was politically fragmented into numerous small states, delayed its
industrialization, once Germany unified in 1871 quickly became a leading
producer of steel and coal.The United States began its industrial revolution in the
19th century, by 1900 it was a leading industrial force.
*Human capital for the workforce was a key factor in the
US Success.
Human Capital
Political upheaval and widespread poverty brought a large number of immigrants to The United States from Europe and East Asia.
These immigrants, as well as migrants from rural areas in the United States, provided the labor to work in the factories.
Agricultural Products for Trade in the Nineteenth CenturyWheat:
Russia and Britain-FoodRubber:
Brazilian Amazon-Britain (tires, footwear, fabrics)Palm Oil:
West African, Indonesia-Britain (cooking oil, soap)Sugar:
Caribbean Islands, Brazil-Britain (refined sugar)Cattle and Hogs:
United States, Ireland, Argentina-Britain, United States(meat)Cotton:
United States-Britain(textiles)
Russia
Coal, iron, and steel industries developed with the railroad. By 1900, Russia had become the fourth largest producer of steel in the world.
The economy remained overwhelmingly agricultural until after the communists
seized power in 1917.
Japan
Most contact with Europe started
Defensive modernization
*Japan build military and economic
strength maintaining its traditions.
*Japan emerged as a world power
Shifts in Manufacturing
Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia
Shipbuilding saw a resurgence in India, with political alliances formed between India and western countries.
*Indian shipbuilding suffered as a result of British officials’
mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership during British colonization
In 1830, Britain designated ships of
the British East India Company as the Indian Navy for British colonial rule.
Iron Works in India
Steep British tariffs led to the decline of India’s ability to mine and
work metals during company rule. British began to close mines completely, especially
after the Rebellion of 1857. British colonizers Limited India’s access to metal and mining areas
Even British colonial rule ended in 1948, and still practically none until mining until the early 20th century.
Textile Production in India and Egypt.
British rulers affected the production of textiles
Undermined textile industry in India because
Lancaster pressured British the british government to place all 5 percent tax on textiles
Just as it stifled
the production of ships and iron, British colonization also affected textile
production in India.
5.5 Technology in the Industrial Age
As the Industrial Revolution spread, it became increasingly important economically.
*Ralph Waldo Emerson initially saw innovations of the industrial age
ways to mold nature in the service of mankind.
*The steam engine and then the internal combustion engine, powering railroads, ships, and
factories, increased access to resources and distribution to good those resources helped produce.
*Developments of the second industrial revolution
were in steel, chemicals, precisiosn machinery, and electronics.
Electrification lit the streets and the
telephone and radio made global instantaneous communication a reality.
The coal revolution
The version of the steam engine made by James Watt in 1765 provided ways to harness coal power to create steam for machinery
Water Transportation
The use of coal made energy production mobile and dependable.
*Steam-powered ships were able to travel quickly,
instead of having to sail up or be towed by people and animals along the shore. With steam-powered ships, it was not wind dependent.
As a result, coaling stations
Became important refueling points
Iron
*Improved iron production for building stronger and larger ships
The most improvement ever done in in transportation and the use of industry ever
a Second Industrial Revolution
The United States, Great Britain, and Germany were key players in what is
known as the second industrial revolution, which occurred in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries.
Steel Production
*Mass production of steel came from the Bessemer Process in 1856.
Bessemer’s innovation was refined and improved, allowing steel to become the strong
and versatile backbone of the industrial society
Oil
Commercial oil wells were drilled, tapping into a vast new resource of energy.
*At first, the
most important product from petroleum was kerosene, which was used for lighting
and heaters. Chemical techniques was developed to extract Kerosene from Petrolion in 1854.Inventors created precision machinery for Automobile and airplane technologies
Electricity
The harnessing of electrical power came after the
development of an effective electrical generator.
Communications
Alexander Graham Bell got a patent in 1876 for the telephone with a refined voice transmitter to make It more practical.
*Gugliemo Marconi created the radio in 1901 when It was sent and created across the Atlantic Ocean. From there radio became a huge popular media that
had never been seen previously before.
Global Trade and Migration Railroads, steamships, and new invention
Called the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible
The construction of railroads connected atlantic and pacific which created the
US industrial growth.
5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role
As Western domination and technology spread, they met with varying degrees
of acceptance in different nations.
*Emperor Meiji’s letter to President Grant indicates, Japan actively sought Western innovations
guaranteed independence and territorial integrity.
*Each country experienced competing
pressures between preservation of traditional values and modernization
Egypt and some other countries early adopted policies that encouraged
the use of industrialized innovations, such as the steam engine, to boost textile
productivity.
The Ottoman in the Mediterranean Basin
Failed adopt Western technology or Enlightenment ideas, and corruption-weak central government.
*Balkan nationalism led to unrest. nickname “the sick man of Europe.” dismantling the Ottoman Empire after World War I changed all.China
*China had a weakened centra; governemnt, but briefl;y shook it off with forign policy that caused decade of internal problems
China suffered humiliations at the hands of Europeans.
Ottoman Industrialization
Had undergone palace coups-Declining trade/Weak leaders
. One part of the Ottoman Empire where the
sultan ruled in name but had little power was Egypt.
*the Mamluks, formerly enslaved Turks who formed a military class, had ruled there for some
600 years. Muhammad Ali rose to prominence with power.
Muhammad Ali
*Had military and economic reforrms and new military officers trained in France.
Egypt
To reform Egypt’s economy, Ali taxed the peasants at such a
high rate.
had factory building and the building of textile factories to
compete building
ships facilities to build ship facilities in order to have its own
navy. and also for weaponry as well.
*Ali is called the first great modern ruler of Egypt
Japan and the meiji Restoration
The Japan’s transformation to a modern
industrialized country took just over half a century to accomplish in one of Japan’s
most rapid changes over time.
Between 1600 and
1853, Japan had very little contact with the rest of the world but the
rising imperial powers had something to say about This. The great powers of
Europe such as Britain and the Netherlands all wanted to sell goods in
Japan.
Japan
Confronts Foreigners
Naval squad
Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853 sailed into Yedo and Tokyo asking for trading privileges. and asked
for demands to have Japan yield similar
demands by other foreign states.Japanese leaders realized the danger they
and their culture were in and adopted western technologies and overthrew the
shogun.
Reforms adopted
basically abolished feudalism (Charter Oath).
Formally abolished feudalism in 1868 and restored the
power and subordinate
equality.
New school system
Made for the expansion of opportunity, a new school
system was created. in particular expanding the educational services of technical fields Japan built railroads and roads for the population's success.
Subsidizing industrialization, in particular the key industries of like tea for rice wine (sake) and silk and weaponry, Shipbuilding*However the tax was a good investment because they stimulated quick
economic growth.Centralized bureau and and Japanese mill workers were similar
to the British ones
*Private investment from overseas and also Japanese
family business organizations (zaibatsu). and the modification to new
prosperity to attract investors to the new innovative technology.
5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations
Adam Smith, created the economics and politics of the industrial age.
*Mercantilism- a system of economic protecting
was replaced by a laissze-faire policy and a reduction of tariff.
Transnational Institutions
Banks such as the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking were developed and also Unilever
In 1776, Adam Smith
provided a text in support of capitalism-and the institution and
entrepreneurship that comes from the new modern technological changes
Business Ownership
Corporation - Large Company formed to decrease Business
a loss for large corporations and gain large profits and dividend
Markets with One Seller
*Alfred Krupp of Essen, and John D.
Rockefeller gained monopoly in the Germany steel industry and oil in America.
British-born Cecil Rhodes, creator of De Beers Diamonds.
Companies Working Across Boundaries
*British-born Cecil Rhodes created railroad that
stretched from South Africa to Cairo. The majority of Railway workers in
Africa were lower wages and means of taking the resources for colonizing with limited labor.
Unilever Corporation and also
Hong Kong Shanghai Banking became transnational.