Midterm Exam Review

Dimensions of Wellness

Definition: Nine dimensions of wellness evaluate various aspects of well-being:
- Physical: Involves regular exercise, nutrition, and maintaining a healthy body.
- Emotional: Includes understanding and managing emotions.
- Social: Relates to relationships and social networks.
- Spiritual: Involves seeking meaning and purpose in life.
- Intellectual: Encompasses engaging in creative and stimulating activities.
- Occupational: Pertains to personal satisfaction and enrichment through work.
- Financial: Related to managing economic life.
- Environmental: Involves the safety and health of your environment.
- Cultural: Understanding and respecting cultural diversity.
Impact: These dimensions influence each other significantly; for example, poor physical health can lead to emotional distress.
Lifetime Changes: Dimensions evolve throughout life influenced by circumstances and experiences.

1900 vs. Now:
- Early 1900s: Infectious diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis were common.
- Current: Chronic conditions such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes dominate.

Poverty: Linked to limited access to healthcare and resources.
Income: Higher income often correlates with better health outcomes.
Education: Better education tends to lead to healthier behaviors and lifestyles.

Self-Efficacy: Belief in one’s capability to execute behaviors required to produce specific performance achievements.
Self-Esteem: General sense of self-worth and personal value.
Difference: Self-efficacy is task-specific, while self-esteem is a broader evaluation of self-worth.

Phases of Change: Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance.
Application: Identify which stage a person is based on their behavior changes in given scenarios.

Morbidity: Refers to the state of being diseased or having a health condition.
Mortality: Refers to the state of being dead; the incidence of death in populations.

Focus on social determinants of health, health behaviors, health disparities, and quality of life indicators.

Understanding Needs: From basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
Components for Self-Actualization: Such as creativity, problem-solving, spontaneity, and acceptance.

Conditions: Overview of:
- OCD: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder—characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and behaviors.
- ADHD: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder—features inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
- Depression: Mood disorder affecting how one feels, thinks, and handles daily activities.
- Bipolar Disorder: Involves extreme mood swings including emotional highs and lows.
- Borderline Personality Disorder: Characterized by unstable moods, behavior, and relationships.
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Involves grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.
- Schizophrenia: A severe mental disorder affecting thinking, feeling, and behavior.

Changes During Sleep: Physiological changes include decreased heart rate and respiratory rate.
Stages of Sleep: Include REM (Rapid Eye Movement) and non-REM stages:
- Stage 1: Light sleep.
- Stage 2: Onset of true sleep.
- Stage 3: Deep sleep.

Homeostatic Sleep Drive: Need to sleep increases with wakefulness.
Circadian Rhythm: Body’s internal clock regulating sleep-wake cycles.
Hormones/Neurotransmitters: Melatonin helps signal sleep while cortisol promotes wakefulness.

Essential Nutrient: Must be obtained from the diet, as the body cannot synthesize it in sufficient quantities.
Macronutrients: Includes carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Micronutrients: Include vitamins and minerals, required in smaller amounts.
Calculation of Caloric Value: Use grams of protein (4 kcal/g), carbohydrates (4 kcal/g), and fat (9 kcal/g).
Complete vs. Incomplete Protein: Complete proteins include all essential amino acids and can be obtained from animal products; vegans can combine sources like rice and beans for completeness.

Types of Fats:
- Saturated: Usually solid at room temperature; linked to increased cholesterol.
- Unsaturated: Liquids at room temperature; considered healthier fats.
- Trans fats: Artificially created fats, unhealthy, linked to heart disease.
Carbohydrate Types:
- Simple: Quick energy, sugars.
- Complex: Longer-lasting energy, starches.
Refined vs. Unrefined: Refined carbs have been processed; unrefined maintain fiber and nutrients.

Type I Diabetes: Often diagnosed in childhood; the body produces little to no insulin.
Type II Diabetes: More common, associated with obesity and insulin resistance.

BMI: Body Mass Index is a simple index of weight-for-height.
Body Composition: Refers to the percentage of fat vs. lean mass in the body.

Common Disorders: Include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.

Types of Blood Vessels: Arteries, veins, and capillaries; differ in structure and function.
Atherosclerosis: Build-up of fats in and on arterial walls; can lead to serious issues like heart attacks.

Differentiation: Ischemic stroke (blockage) vs. hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding).

Definitions:
- Benign: Non-cancerous.
- Malignant: Cancerous and can spread.
- Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another.
- Dysplasia: Abnormal growth or development of cells.
- Hyperplasia: Increased number of cells, leading to tissue enlargement.
- Remission: Signs and symptoms of cancer have decreased or disappeared.

Diet Components: High fiber; low fat and processed meats may decrease risks.