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10 internal organs

1. Brain

2. Thyroid

3. Lungs

4. Heart

5. Liver

6. Stomach

7. Urinary system

8. Thymus

9. Intestines

10. Pancreas

6 Levels of Structural Organization

1. Chemical level

2. Cellular level

3. Tissue level

4. Organ level

5. Organ System level

6. Organismal level

11 Organ Systems of the Body

1. Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

2. Skeletal System: Bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments

3. Muscular System: Skeletal muscles, tendons

4. Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

5. Endocrine System: Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas)

6. Cardiovascular System: Heart, blood vessels, blood

7. Immune System: Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels

8. Respiratory System: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

9. Digestive System: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder

10. Urinary System: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

11. Reproductive System: Gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated structures

6 Essential Life Processes

1. Metabolism: Sum of all chemical reactions (catabolism + anabolism)

2. Responsiveness: Ability to detect and respond to internal/external changes

3. Movement: Motion of the whole body, organs, single cells, or structures within cells

4. Growth: Increase in body size due to cell size, cell number, or tissue material

5. Differentiation: Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

6. Reproduction: Formation of new cells for tissue growth/repair or creation of a new individual

3 Core Components of a Feedback System

1. Receptor (Sensor): Monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to the control center.

2. Control Center: Evaluates input, compares it to a set point, and commands output (e.g., Brain/Hypothalamus).

3. Effector: Receives output from the control center and produces a response that alters the condition.

2 Types of Feedback Mechanisms

1. Negative Feedback: Reverses a change in a controlled condition to maintain balance (e.g., body temperature, blood glucose regulation).

2. Positive Feedback: Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition until an external event stops it (e.g., labor contractions, blood clotting).

3 Primary Anatomical Planes

1. Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into right and left sides

(Midsagittal = equal halves; Parasagittal = unequal halves).

2. Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides the body into anterior (front)

and posterior (back) portions.

3. Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Major Body Cavities

1. Dorsal Cavity

Cranial Cavity (contains brain)

Vertebral (Spinal) Canal (contains spinal cord)

2. Ventral Cavity

Thoracic Cavity:

Pleural Cavities (lungs)

Pericardial Cavity (heart)

Mediastinum (central region between lungs)

Abdominopelvic Cavity:

Abdominal Cavity (stomach, liver, intestines, spleen)

Pelvic Cavity (urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum)