Units I Did Terrible On. ..

Unit 7: Equilibrium

K Manipulations:

- Reverse: K' = 1/K

- Multiply by n: K' = Kⁿ

- Add reactions: K_total = K₁ × K₂

Q vs K:

- Q < K → shift right (make products)

- Q > K → shift left (make reactants)

- Q = K → equilibrium

Le Chatelier:

- Add reactant → shift right

- Remove product → shift right

- Increase T (endothermic) → shift right

- Solids/liquids don't affect K

Unit 3: IMFs & Properties

IMF Strength Order:

Ionic > H-bonding > Dipole-Dipole > LDF

LDF increases with:

- More electrons

- Larger surface area

- More polarizable atoms

Real Gases Deviate When:

- High pressure (volume of particles matters)

- Low temperature (IMFs matter)

Separation Techniques:

- Distillation: different boiling points

- Chromatography: different polarity/adsorption

- Filtration: solid vs liquid

Unit 2: Bonding

Polarity:

- ΔEN > 1.7 = ionic

- ΔEN 0.4-1.7 = polar covalent

- ΔEN < 0.4 = nonpolar covalent

Hybridization:

- 2 domains = sp

- 3 domains = sp²

- 4 domains = sp³

- 5 domains = sp³d

- 6 domains = sp³d²

Formal Charge:

FC = valence e⁻ - (nonbonding e⁻ + ½ bonding e⁻)

Unit 8: Acids & Bases

Strong Acids (memorize):

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HClO₄

Ka Trends:

- More electronegative atom near H → stronger acid

- More O atoms in oxyacid → stronger acid

- Larger atom in binary acid → stronger acid

Buffers:

- Weak acid + conjugate base

- pH = pKa + log([base]/[acid])

- Resists pH change when small acid/base added