Week 5 and Week 6

1) Creating an Op def:

  • create in interview phase

  • refine during observation

  • make sure to test drive it

2) Indirect assessments are

  • rating scales/questionaires and interview

3) the four types of obsevational recording are?

  1. event recording

  2. duration recording

  3. latency recording

  4. interval recording

Event recording involves collecting

  • a tally or frequency count of behavior —> convert it into rate

4) Event recording:

  • pros: easy to use

  • cons: only for low rate, low duration behaviors must have clear start and end

5) Duration recording involves connecting:

  • how long a behavior occurs

6) When to use duration recording?

  • high rate, high duration behaviors

7) Duration recording has both

  • total duration (extent of time a behavior occurs during an observational period) and duration per occurrence (more accurate than total duration; extent of time of each occurrence of behavior)

8) Latency recording involves collecting

  • elapsed time between onset of a stimulus and initiation of a behavior

9) When to use latency recording?

  • when the time it takes to emit a behavior is of interest/speed of response

10) Sample interval of recording involves collecting:

  • estimate of # of occurence and durations of behavior; measures presence and abennceof behavior during intervals

11) What are the three types if interval recording?

  • PIR, WIR, and MTS

12) When to use PIR?

  • goal: behavior Reduction

13) When to use WIR?

  • goal: to increase behavior

14) Pros and Cons of PIR:

  • PROS: most commonly used

  • cons: overestimates behavior and requires undivided attention of observer

15) Pros Cons of WIR:

  • pros: unsure

  • cons: underestimates behavior and requires undivided attention of observer

16) Pros and Cons of MTS:

  • pros: may be the most accurate, ease of use, does not require constant attention

  • cons: error, not useful for low rate behavior

17) What are the the two types of descriptive assessment?

  • scatter plots & line graphs

  • descriptive analysis (ABC data)

18) What do line graphs collect?

  • average # behavior occuring over day

19) Pros and cons of line graphs

  • pros: unsure

  • cons: no info about the environment/what causes the behavior?

  • missing important info

20) What do scatter plots tell you?

  • tell you about when behavior occurs

  • tells you about events/antecedents associated with problem behavior

  • do NOT give you RATE of behavior

21) Pros and Cons of scatter plots:

  • pros:

  • gives pattern of responding

  • allows you to identify stimulus control

  • allows practioners to note when problem behaviors occur

  • can tell practioners info about environment

  • may be useful if resources are limited

  • cons:

  • does not tell you rate of behavior

22) What instances are scatter plots good for?

  • when intiial observation data observed is not clear

23) Descriptive analysis:

  • the systematic observation of behavior in natural setting

  • data recording on antecedents, behavior itself, and consequences

24) Pros and Cons of descriptive analysis:

  • pros: patterns can be discerned

  • sufficient to develop BIPs an intervention plans without FAs

  • sufficient to develop a sound functionb-based treatment

25) Things to consider with descriptive analysis:

  • who should collect the data and when should you?

  • those hwo have direct contact with client are familiar with student and can gather more data but data recorded may be inaccurate

  • those who are impartial observers can gather more observed,accurated databut are less familiar with the student and more likely to miss stiff

26) wHEN AND WHERE TO OBSERVE?

  • as many places as you can and as often as possible

27) function analysis are used to

  • treat the symptoms not the cause

28) CARR 1997-

  • VERY IMP- the conceptual basis for Functional analysis

  • identified the main rasons why people conduct problem behavior (+ reinforcement, - reinforcement, self stimulatio, organic, sychodynamic)

organic: aberrant psychological process

psychodynamic: esbtalish ego or reduce guilt

29) Iwata et al results:

  • no single treatment is effective for everything

  • proposed to see to iff maintained by +,- or auatomatic reinforcement

30) function is

  • more important than tophoraphy for asessment and treatment

31) FAs usually run ina

  • multielement design

32) basic conditions of functional analysis:

  • ttention (positive reinforcement): Attention withheld and provided contingent upon target behavior (usually 20-30s) -neutral items or no items present

  • Tangible (positive reinforcement): Preferred items (ID in preference assessment) removed and provided contingent upon target behavior (20-30s)

  • Demand (negative reinforcement): Aversive stimulation presented (usually task demands) and removed contingent upon target behavior (20-30s

  • Ignore/Alone (automatic reinforcement): no interaction, no demands, no attention, no items present - no differential response to target behavior

  • Toy play/enriched environment (control condition): free access to attention and high preference tangibles (toys or edibles), no demands presented. No differential response to target behavior

33) Advantages to Functional Analyses

• It is the most accurate way to identify the function of challenging behavior.

• Over 95% accurate (Beavers, 2013, Hanley, Iwata, & McCord, 2003)

• Interventions based on the results of FAs have been shown to be effective