Notes on the European Union

Understanding the EU

Overview of the European Union (EU)

  • The EU is a political and economic union of member states.

  • It started with the Schuman Declaration on May 9, 1950, aimed at peace post-WWII. This date is celebrated as Europe Day.

EU Symbols

  • Flag: 12 stars in a circle representing unity, not the number of member states. Stars represent perfection.

  • Anthem: "Ode to Joy" from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, played not sung due to the diversity of languages in the EU.

  • Motto: "United in diversity" since 2000, promoting peaceful coexistence among differing cultures.

Myths about the EU

  • Euromyths are incorrect stories that shape public perception, e.g., regulations on cucumbers or colored pencils are exaggerated or incorrect.

Major Historical Events

  • Founding: 1951 - European Coal and Steel Community; 1958 - Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community.

  • Enlargement: EU expanded from 6 to 27 member states through various treaties and agreements.

  • Candidate Countries: Must fulfill Copenhagen criteria involving political stability, market economy, and adherence to EU laws.

EU Institutions

  • European Parliament: Represents citizens, legislative power in cooperation with the Council of the EU.

  • European Commission: Proposes laws, manages day-to-day EU operations, ensures compliance with EU treaties.

  • European Council: Sets overall direction; made up of heads of state/government.

  • Council of Ministers: Jointly decides legislation with European Parliament.

Key Treaties

  • Maastricht Treaty (1992): Established the EU and set the stage for the euro.

  • Lisbon Treaty (2009): Aimed at increasing democratic efficiency and transparency.

EU Legislative Process

  • Ordinary Legislative Procedure: Lawmaking involves the European Parliament and the Council.

  • Consultation Procedure: Parliament can suggest amendments but Council makes final decisions in specific cases.

Competences of EU and Member States

  • Supranational Nature: Member states share sovereignty; EU can legislate in agreed areas.

  • Types of Competences:

    • Exclusive: Customs union, monetary policy.

    • Shared: Internal market, environment.

    • Supporting: Health, education.

Current Challenges and Future Prospects

  • The EU faces debates on enlargement (e.g., Western Balkans) and its role in health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting its limited capacity in public health affairs, limited by member state sovereignty.