G&D STUDENT (1)

HEALTH MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

  • Lifelong process of physical, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional growth and change.

UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

  • Cephalocaudal Principle: Development follows a head-to-toe progression; infants gain control over head and neck before extremities.

  • Proximodorsal Principle: Development progresses from the center of the body outward; the spine develops before the extremities followed by fingers and toes.

  • Simple to Complex Principle: Development evolves from simple to complex; for example, infants gain head control before crawling.

  • Continuous Process: Development is continuous, characterized by growth spurts and periods of steady growth.

  • General to Specific Principle: Development moves from large muscle movements to refined movements.

  • Individualized Rate: Each person's growth timetable and rate of development vary.

PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

  • Duration: Conception to birth (average 38-40 weeks).

  • Stages: Zygote, embryo, and fetus.

  • Primary concern: Health of the mother is essential for proper development.

MATERNAL HEALTH

  • Risk Factors: Can impact prenatal development; includes nutrition, age, exposure to harmful substances.

  • Importance of maternal nutrition and additional vitamins, particularly folic acid.

  • Cessation of alcohol consumption to prevent Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs).

INFANCY

  • Lasts from one month to the first year. Dramatic physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth occurs during this time.

INFANT MILESTONES

  • 1 Month: Side-to-side communication, gazes at hands and shakes head.

  • 2 Months: Brief head holding, smiles responsively.

  • 3 Months: Reaches for and grabs objects, coos, mimics.

  • 4 Months: Rolls over, transfers objects between hands.

  • 5 Months: Sits with support, responds to familiar faces.

  • 6 Months: Begins to crawl, reacts to emotions.

  • 7 Months: Sits independently, recognizes names.

  • 8 Months: Begins to use pincer grasp, reacts to fear.

  • 9 Months: Cruising while holding onto furniture, plays peek-a-boo.

  • 10 Months: Pulls self up to stand, tests limits.

  • 11 Months: Assists dressing, shows preferences.

  • 12 Months: Takes first steps, imitates actions.

TODDLERHOOD

  • Generally from 12-36 months when children begin to walk and run with ease.

TODDLER DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES

  • 12 Months: Takes steps, scribbles, uses gestures.

  • 18 Months: Kicks ball, uses 2-finger pinch grab, vocabulary of 10+ words.

  • 2 Years: Runs without falling, can say 3-4 word sentences, begins to play alongside peers.

  • 3 Years: Jumps in place, uses 3-4 word sentences, starts to understand ownership.

PRESCHOOL AGE

  • Ages 3-6 years, focus on developing independence and social interaction outside of the family.

  • Skills: Running, jumping, understanding time concepts, basic drawing.

PRESCHOOLER DEVELOPMENTAL STRATEGIES

  • Limit screen time to 1 hour.

  • Encourage healthy diet and dental hygiene.

  • Ensure 10-12 hours of sleep.

MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

  • Ages 6 to 12 years; children become more self-aware, care more about physical appearance, cognitive and their logical thinking skills improve. Social and emotional development becomes increasingly important as children learn to navigate friendships and peer relationships.

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ADOLESCENCE

  • Covers ages 12-20; transition from childhood to adulthood.

  • Developmental Challenges: Rapid growth, increasing independence, and establishing self-identity.

  • Cognitive changes increased rational thinking

  • psychosocial changes self identify , explore sexuality, preasures

  • Puberty begins during preadolescence - age 11-13

ADOLESCENCE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

  • Encourage healthy food choices, increase calcium and iron intake, focus on oral health.

YOUNG ADULTHOOD

  • Late adolescence through mid-20s; exploration of education and careers.

  • Physical growth completion by age 20, with brain maturation continuing until approximately 25.

MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

  • Ages mid-40s through early 60s; growth in family and work responsibilities.

  • Physical changes include redistributing weight and changes in muscle tone.

LATE ADULTHOOD

  • 65 years and older; limited capacity for physical function.

  • Health considerations include managing chronic conditions and ensuring proper nutrition and health maintenance.

THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT

  • Freudian Psychosexual Development: Stages from infancy through adulthood focusing on erogenous zones and developmental achievements.

  • Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages: Trust vs. Mistrust to Integrity vs. Despair through different life stages.

  • Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages: Includes Sensorimotor to Formal Operational stages.

  • Kohlberg's Moral Development Levels: Ranges from Preconventional to Postconventional reasoning.