HOSA Nutrition

HOSA: Nutrition Study Guide

Essential Fatty Acids

  • Groups of Essential Fatty Acids

    • Omega 6

    • Omega 3 (Linolenic Acid)

Cholesterol

  • Major Types of Cholesterol

    • High-Density Lipids (HDL)

    • Low-Density Lipids (LDL)

Types of Protein

  • Types of Protein Deficiencies

    • Marasmus: A form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency.

    • Kwashiorkor Disease: A protein deficiency leading to severe edema and other symptoms.

Carbohydrates

  • Main Categories of Carbohydrates

    • Monosaccharides: Simplest carbohydrates (e.g., glucose).

    • Disaccharides: Sugars formed when two monosaccharides join (e.g., sucrose, lactose).

    • Polysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates consisting of long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen).

Vitamins

  • Stored Water-Soluble Vitamins

    • Pantothenic Acid

    • Vitamin B12

    • Vitamin B6

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism

  • Disorders

    • Galactosemia: A genetic disorder affecting the metabolism of galactose.

    • Primary Lactose Deficiency: Reduced levels of lactase in the intestine.

    • Lactose Intolerance: Inability to digest lactose leading to gastrointestinal symptoms.

    • Sucrase Deficiency: Inability to digest sucrose due to lack of the enzyme sucrase.

Hydration

  • Water in Body

    • Adults' body weight consists of approximately 60% water.

  • Water Requirement

    • Adults should consume 2-3 liters of water per day.

Folic Acid

  • Importance

    • Recommended supplementation of 400 mcg/day during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in infants.

Amino Acids

  • Definition

    • Basic building blocks for proteins.

Eating Disorders

  • Anorexia Nervosa

    • Eating disorder characterized by self-starvation.

  • Bulimia

    • Involves bingeing and purging of food by various means.

Anticoagulant Drugs

  • Effect on Vitamin K

    • Decrease the activity of Vitamin K, leading to easy bruising.

Deficiency Diseases

  • Beri-Beri

    • Disease resulting from thiamine deficiency.

Nutritional Components

  • Beta Carotene

    • Nontoxic to pregnant women, an orange/red pigment found in plants, and a precursor to vitamin A.

  • BMI Equation

    • Formula: ext{BMI} = \frac{\text{Weight}}{\text{Height}}

  • Cholesterol Function

    • Important in the formation of hormones, vitamin D, and bile acid; waxy fat-like substance found in all cells of the body.

  • Chromium

    • Essential for glucose metabolism, an important metallic element.

  • NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

    • Co-enzyme, Niacin is a component, required for many metabolic functions.

  • Sources of Vitamin C

    • Fresh fruits (e.g., kiwi, strawberries), red and orange peppers, citrus fruits.

  • Copper

    • Essential trace mineral necessary for hemoglobin synthesis and overall health.

  • Dairy Products

    • A primary source of calcium; recommended intake is 2-3 servings per day (e.g., milk, yogurt, cheese).

  • Dietary Sources of Protein

    • Complete Proteins: Animal-based sources (contain all essential amino acids).

    • Incomplete Proteins: Plant-based sources (lack one or more essential amino acids).

Sugar Classifications

  • Disaccharides

    • Any class of sugars formed from two monosaccharides, such as sucrose, maltose, and lactose.

Protein Disorders

  • Protein Disorders

    • Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder often triggered by gluten.

    • Milk Protein Allergy: Immune reaction to proteins found in milk.

Factors Affecting Cholesterol Levels

  • Cholesterol Influences

    • Increased trans fats and saturated fats, decreased fiber intake, and decreased physical activity can elevate cholesterol levels.

Fats

  • Dietary Fats

    • Should constitute no more than 30% of daily calories.

  • Types of Fatty Acids

    • Classified based on the number of carbon atoms, degree of saturation (saturated vs. unsaturated), and location of the first double bond.

  • Fat-Soluble Vitamins

    • Vitamins A, E, D, K.

Fiber Types

  • Types of Fiber

    • Insoluble Fiber: Does not dissolve in water; helps with digestive health.

    • Soluble Fiber: Dissolves in water; can help lower blood cholesterol levels.

Minerals for Health

  • Fluoride

    • Important for dental health and prevention of dental caries.

  • Folic Acid Deficiency

    • Results in macrocytic anemia, characterized by larger than normal red blood cells.

Food Reactions

  • Food Allergy

    • Medical term for reactions that are immune-mediated.

  • Food Intolerance

    • Reactions that are not immune-mediated; often related to digestive issues (e.g., lactose intolerance).

  • Food Sensitivity

    • General term encompassing any physiological responses to food, which can affect various body systems.

Biotin and Choline Functions

  • Biotin

    • Involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, proteins, and carbohydrates; promotes healthy skin, hair, and nails; related to B12 and folic acid metabolism.

  • Choline

    • Component of acetylcholine (important for memory transmission), plays a role in fat metabolism in the liver, lipoprotein production, and is integral to nerve and brain tissue.

Fats and Health

  • Fat Function

    • Essential for bone health, nerve reactions, muscle contraction/relaxation, and enzyme function.