SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES

Introduction

^^Mycosis^^

  • Infections caused by any ^^fungi to humans^^

[[INFECTIVE[[

==FUNGAL DISEASES/ INFECTIONS (mycoses)==

  1. Systemic Mycoses - deep ==within body==
  2. Subcutaneous Mycoses - ==beneath the skin==
  3. Cutaneous Mycoses - ==Affect hair, skin, nails==
  4. Superficial Mycoses - ==Localized== e.g. hair shaft
  5. Opportunistic Mycoses - Caused by normal microbiota/ flora in the environment

   

  1. normal microbiota/flora - are naturally nonpathogenic but is ==capable of invading body tissues==

{{NON EFFECTIVE{{

  • Diseases caused by not the fungus itself but the ∗∗substancesortoxinsreleasedbythefungi∗∗**substances or toxins released by the fungi** that
    • can cause poisoning,
    • intoxication
    • allergic reaction
  • ∗∗Mycotoxicosis∗∗**Mycotoxicosis**

}}INFECTIONS CAUSED BY FUNGUS-LIKE BACTERIA}}

  • %%Nocardiosis%%
  • %%Actinomycosis%%
  • %%Mycetoma%%
    • Agents can be
    • %%Fungus- like%% or
    • %%True fungal pathogens%%

SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES

<<Definition<<

  • ^^noninvasive^^
  • ^^asymptomatic^^
  • involving the ^^outer surface (keratin layers)^^ of skin and hair
  • elicits ^^few complaints^^
  • patients concerned primarily due to ^^cosmetic effects^^ (physical appearances - fac, etc)

]]Occurrence and Distribution]]

  • @@Tropics (mainly)@@

    • sometimes seen in the @@United States (US)@@
    • Can be seen among @@travelers @@( cuz the agent is @@not autochthonous@@ to the area)
    • Seen in the @@hot/moist countries@@

  • Like in pityriasis versicolor ( or alap-ap)

  - the weather plays an important role in the color development of the agent

  • Caused by a fungi of @@low pathogenicity & evident @@(can be seen) cuz’ of

    • }}development of pigment changes of melanin of cutaneous cells}}

    • Depends on the color of your skin (fair, dark etc.)

      • It will contrast the color of your skin
      • If your skin is light-colored, it will appear dark color

    • }}mild tissue irritation resulting in papules’ formation}}

    • The agent @@Tinea flava or Pityriasis Versicolor @@

      • does not only cause @@“alap-ap”@@ but also some form of @@acne or folliculitis @@
      • is a normal flora of the skin
      • causes opportunistic infection in the skin due to hygiene issues, especially for people who are hyperhidrotic (sweaty) and unhygienic and have a weakened immune system

    • }}Production of modular masses of fungal growth adherent to & around hair distal to skin}}

    • Piedra

      • A hair infection
      • may form @@nodules@@ (that is why hair may look thicker and rough)
      • may be differentially diagnosed as a @@louse infection@@

Infection Due to Malassezia Species

  • %%Pityriasis Versicolor %%
    • caused by %%Malassezia furfur%%
  • %%White spots %%
    • infected areas
    • %%patches of different sizes%% that sometimes coalesce
    • %%contrast to the skin color%% (skin pigment changes)

3 SPECIES OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE

  • %%Malassezia furfur%%

    • most ^^famous^^ of the three
    • ^^normal flora^^ of the skin; although, it has a ^^small population^^ in the skin
    • may manifest as an ^^opportunistic infection^^ and become many
    • when food is abundant
    • immune system is weak

  • %%Malassezia pachydrematis %%

    • In ^^animals^^ (dogs and cats)
    • Causes infections
    • ^^ear^^
    • ^^body^^

  • %%Malassezia sympodialis%%

    • discovered when ^^HIV^^ was discovered
    • Affects patients ^^suffering from AIDS/ HIV ^^

MALASSEZIA FURFUR

  • @@Lipophilic yeast @@

    • dwell in areas with @@fats@@ (@@“fatty loving yeast”@@)

  • Member of @@skin normal flora @@

    • only small number controlled if clean environment

  • Grow in area with @@sebum @@

  • Causes of @@Pityriasis Versicolor@@

    • fungal infection of the @@stratum corneum@@

  • Associated in @@humid and hot climate@@

Pityriasis Versicolor

  • chronic

  • non-inflammatory

  • usually symptomless disorder

  • characterize by the @@occurence of multiple patches of all sizes and shapes@@

  • hot and humid weather

  • caused by @@Malassezia furfur@@

  • @@Inframammary@@ - underline of “bra” cuz of accumulation of sebum

  • Seen as

    • @@macules@@ - with slight elevation
    • @@Confluent@@ - merging

History

<

  • ^^EICHSTEDT^^
    • Detected and named disease ^^pityriasis versicolor ^^

<<1853<<

  • ^^ROBIN ^^
    • named the fungus ^^Microsporon furfur (yeast) ^^

<<1874<<

  • MALASSEZ
    • described the yeastlike cells from ^^lesions of the scalp ^^

<<1889<<

  • BALLION
    • created genus ^^Malassezia ^^

<<1939<<

  • BENHAM
    • described the ^^lipophilic nature^^ of the fungus

note:Microsporum is a yeast furfur

EPIDEMIOLOGY

  • ]]worldwide distribution but more prevalent in the tropics & subtropics]]

    • @@TEMPERATURE @@is one of the factor why yeast are distributed

  • Major factor : @@excess sweating@@

  • Other factors

    • Poor hygiene/ health
    • Malnutrition
    • Pregnancy
    • Systemic steroids
    • Crushing syndrome

Clinical Manifestations (4)

  • Pityriasis versicolor
  • Folliculitis
  • Sepsis Other conditions
Pityriasis versicolor