Radiation Biology Final Review (BLANK)

EXAM 1 -

When radiation biologists refer to cell death, are they generally referring to a metabolic or mitotic death?

In 1906, the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau liked what two concepts:

Which is more dangerous, damage to somatic or germ cells?

What is the definition of radiation biology?

Radiation is a stochastic process. What does this mean?

Two broad categories of tumors:

Alterations in 3 groups of genes are responsible for the deregulated control mechanisms that are hallmarks of cancer cells. What are these and how do they function?

Growths seen in epithelial cells such as adenomas, polyps, papilloma, and warts have 3 common characteristics. What are they?

Does radiation create new types of genetic damage?

What was the name of the paper that published the article we read for Radium Girls about patient’s being over irradiated?

What was the name of the device that failed for Mr. Jerome-Parks?

What was the name of the device that was inserted improperly for the Ms. Jn-Charles?

From normal to malignant, name and define the stages of tumor development.

Carcinomas arise from what type of tissue?

Name and define the two subtypes of carcinomas. Give examples of each sub-type.

What type of cancer originates from mesenchymal cells?

Give example of the above type of cancer that originates from the mesenchymal cells.

Hematopoietic cancers arise from what type of tissue?

What type of cancer derives from the “white blood cells"?

Name an example of a type of hematopoietic cancer.

What type of cancers arise from the neural crest?

Name an example of this type of cancer.

Are tumors monoclonal or polyclonal?

What is the number one natural source of radiation exposure to the general public?

What radiation dose is only valid of x and gamma rays?

What radiation dose was developed because the biological response varies with the type of radiation given?

What quantity is defined as the rate of decay expressed in decays per unit?

What is one of the units for the above quantity?

What quantity measures how long it takes for one half of a substance to radioactively decay?

Of the 3 types of radiation discussed in class, which ones are charged?

EXAM 2 -

The following in the order in which radiation damage occurs:

The following in order of increasing severity from radiation damage:

Two types of models of cancer risk -

2 reasons irradiation of the fetus/embryo is more dangerous than to an adult -

What is direct action and how does it act?

What is indirect radiation and how does it act?

Who was the first dial painter to be he presence if radium and how was she tested?

Why does radium uptake in the bones?

Who are Sabin von Schocky and George Willis?

The potential biological effects and damages caused by radiation depend on what 4 factors:

Two types of hyperthermia and define them:

Name the 3 types of stem cell transplants and define them:

3 types of radiation absorption processes and what they’re used for:

For the energy process that is dominant below 50 keV, explain what occurs.

For the energy process that is dominant between 50 keV and Me , what occurs.

For the energy process that is dominant between above 20 MeV, what occurs,

Abbreviations of LD, SLD, PLD:

3 chromosomal aberrations that were defined as nonlethal and define them:

Define the chromosomal aberration dicentric and acentric fragments. Is it a lethal chromosomal aberration?

Define the chromosomal aberration rings and acentric fragments. Is it a lethal chromosomal aberration?

Is an anaphase bridge a lethal or non-lethal chromosome aberration?

RBE abbreviation stand for what, and what is its equation?

What is the death hit?

What kind of treatment occurs when the drugs travel through the body to reach the cancer cells wherever they are?

Definition of non-ionizing radiation?

Does visible light cause ionization?

Why are all x-rays classified as ionizing radiation?

[Match the following items with the correct letters]

A. LD

B. PLD

C. SLD

__ Depends on post-irradiation environmental conditions

__ Irreversible, irreparable damage leading to cell death

__ Only observed in laboratory

__ Independent of postirridiattion conditions except oxygen status

__ Repair usually occurs with 1-2 hours

__ Most damage is repaired within 6 hours

EXAM 3 -

Do all cells have an intrinsic radiosensitivity that characterizes them?

What are the external factors that can influence a cell’s response to radiation?

What are the two regions of the cell survival curve that cell modifier’s act upon?

Name and define one physical modifier.

Name of low dose rate that have been shown to increase cell killing rather than decrease it.

One reason why hyperthermia and radiation complement each other as a cancer treatment.

OER abbreviation meaning and its equation:

SER abbreviation meaning and its equation:

DRF abbreviation meaning and its equation:

Phase of cell most resistant to radiation?

Phases of cell least resistant to radiation?

Definition of fractionation.

The 4R’s of radiotherapy:

Name of the lawyer that took the Radium Girls’ case and his agreed upon compensation.

What did Berry discover from the New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners?

Who is Eben Byers and why is he important?

Which types of cells is the most radiosensitive?

Which types of cells is the least radiosensitive?

The 3 assumptions of target theory:

The assumption for the linear quadratic theory?

What do the parameters alpha and beta represent?

The name of the radioprotector that astronauts carry in case of a solar flare.

Equation for the linear quadratic theory:

What do Do, n, and Dq represent?

[Match the correct letters with the statements]

A. Apoptosis

B. Multiple connective tissue

C. Vegetive Intermitotic cells

D. Reverting postmitotic cells

E. Fixed postmitotic cells

F. Necrosis

G. Differentiating cells

__ Cell death affects single cells

__ Cell death affects groups of cells

__ Cell death causes an inflammatory response

__ Cell does not cause an inflammatory response

__ Organelles are not functional after this type of cell death

__ Organelles are functional after this type of cell death

__ What type of cells divides regularly and rapidly

__ what type of cell is high differentiated

__ What type of cell does not normally divide but can if necessary

__ What type of cell actively divides and is more differentiated than VIMs

__ Crypt cells of the intestines and Type A spermatogonia are examples of this type of cell

__ Endothelial cells and fibroblasts are examples of this type of cell

__ Nerve cells, muscle cells, and red blood cells are examples of what type of cell

__ Lymphocytes and parenchymal cells of the liver are examples of what type of cell

[Match the letters to the correct statements.]

A. Differentiated cells

B. Undifferentiated cells

C. Transit cells

D. Static tissues

E. Conditionally proliferative tissues

F. Proliferative tissues

__ Contain a small population of undifferentiated stem cells that are continuously dividing and differentiating

__ Have morphologically recognizable traits

__ Lifespan of these cells is usually long and cell turnover is slow

__ Least numerous cells in tissue

__ Cells between differentiated and undifferentiated cells

__ This type of tissue does not need to provide a way to replace lost cells

__ This type of cell does the function of the tissue

__ This type of cell, generally, does not divide

__ This type of tissue does not divide

__ Cells in this type of tissue have a long lifespan and cell turnover is slow

__ Gastrointestinal epithelium and hematopoietic bone marrow

__ Liver cells are an example of this type of tissue

__ Cells of the central nervous system are examples of this type of tissue

[Match the letters to the correct statements.]

A. Target theory

B. Linear quadratic

__ Oldest, most well-established model

__ Fits clinical doses of radiation better

__ Has parameters of D_o, n, and D_q

__ Has parameters alpha and beta

__ Has the targets that cannot be defined