Carl Jung

Definition (#f7aeae)

Important (#edcae9)

Extra (#fffe9d)


Carl Jung disagreed with freud on:

  1. Role of sexuality.

  2. Forces that influence personality.

  3. Unconscious.


Psychic Energy:

Basis of Jung’s system.

Libido: Broad and generalized form of psyche energy.

Psyche: Term for personality.


Principles of Psyche Energy:

  • Opposition principle: Conflict between processes required to generate psychic energy.

  • Equivalence principle: Continuous redistribution of energy, weakened energy is sent elsewhere.

  • Entropy principle: Tendency towards balance or equilibrium.


Aspects of Personality:

  1. Ego:

    • Conscious part of the psyche.

    • Selective about what’s admitted into the awareness.

  2. Attitudes:

    • Extraversion: Orientation towards external world and others.

    • Introversion: Orientation towards one’s own thoughts and feelings.

  3. Psychological functions:

    • Ways of perceiving a person’s external and internal world.

    • Non-rational: Sensing, intuition.

    • Rational: Thinking, feeling.

  4. Psychological types:


  1. Personal unconscious:

    • Reservoir for material that was once conscious.

  2. Complexes:

    • Pattern of emotions, memories, perception and wishes in the personal unconscious.

    • Organised around a theme, may be conscious or unconscious.

  3. The collective unconscious:

    • Deepest level of the psyche.

    • Contains the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and pre-human species.

  4. Archetypes:

    • Images of universal experiences in the collective unconscious.

    • Persona: Public face or role presented to others.

    • Shadow: Contains primitive animal instincts.

    • Self: unity, integrity and harmony of the total personality.

    • Animus: Masculine aspect of the female psyche.

    • Anima: Feminine aspect of the male psyche.


Developmental Stages:

Childhood

Ego development begins when child distinguishes between self and others.

Puberty - Young Adulthood

Adolescents must adapt to the growing demands of reality. The focus is external (education) and the conscious was determined.

Middle Age

Period of transition when the focus of the personality shifts from external to internal to balance the unconscious with the conscious.

    

Individuation: Integration of all conscious and unconscious facets of personality.

Transcend → Accept anima/animus → Accept the dark side → Dethrone the persona → Confront the unconscious.


Assessment Techniques:

  1. Word-Association Test:

    • Person responds to a stimulus word with any word that comes to mind.

    • Projective technique.

    • Uncovers complexes.

  2. Symptoms Analysis:

    • Similar to catharsis.

    • Verbal report of symptoms.

    • Interpretation of free association.

  3. Dream Analysis:

    • Interpretation of dreams to uncover unconscious content.

    • Held that dreams are prospective and compensatory.

    • Used amplification to analyze dreams.

  4. Myer-Briggs Types Indicator (MBTI):

    • Based on Jung’s psychological types and attitudes.

    • Popular self-report inventory.

    • Used for hiring.


Conclusions:

Research:

  1. Used life-history reconstruction:

    • Examined past experience to identify developmental patterns.

  2. Analysis of data was subjective and unreliable:

    • No verbatim and verification of accuracy.

  3. Research on different psychological types (introvert/extrovert).

  4. Research on female midlife crisis.


Contributions:

  1. Word association became a standard projective technique.

  2. Development of Rorschach inkblot test and lie-detection techniques.

  3. Influenced future theorists.

  4. Emphasize the role of future in determining behavior.

  5. Midlife crisis is supported by considerable research.


Criticism:

  1. Concepts are difficult to understand.

  2. Writings are inconsistent and lack systemization.

  3. Embraced the supernatural.