Comprehensive Human Anatomy and Movement Revision Guide

Institutional Information and Document Overview

• Course Credit: Revision Works.

• Facilitator: Dr Y. Naiken Gopalla.

• Institution: Polytechnics Mauritius, specifically emphasizing the mission statement: "Change, Everyday."

• Subject Matter: Human Anatomy and Physiology with a focus on skeletal structures, muscular systems, and biomechanical movement analysis.

Anatomical Planes and Directional Terms

• The study of human movement and anatomy utilizes three primary planes of motion, labeled in the provided diagrams as:

  • Plane A: Coronal (Frontal) Plane.

  • Plane B: Sagittal Plane.

  • Plane C: Transverse (Axial) Plane.

Skeletal System: Detailed Anatomical Structures

The Skull and Face

• Frontal bone: The forehead region.

• Nasal bone: Forms the bridge of the nose.

• Temporal bone: The sides and base of the cranium.

• Zygomatic bone: The cheekbones.

• Maxilla: The upper jaw.

• Mandible: The lower jaw.

• Parietal bone: Forms the bulk of the cranial roof.

• Occipital bone: The back and base of the skull.

The Vertebral Column

• Atlas: The $1^{st}$ cervical vertebra ($C1$).

• Axis: The $2^{nd}$ cervical vertebra ($C2$).

• $7^{th}$ cervical vertebra: The base of the neck.

• $1^{st}$ thoracic vertebra: The start of the mid-back section.

• $12^{th}$ thoracic vertebra: The end of the thoracic region.

• $1^{st}$ lumbar vertebra: The start of the lower back.

• $5^{th}$ lumbar vertebra: The base of the lower back.

• Sacrum: A triangular bone at the base of the spine.

• Coccyx: The tailbone.

Thoracic Cage and Girdles

• Sternum: The breastbone.

• Ribs: Specifically identified as the $1^{st}$ rib and the $12^{th}$ rib.

• Shoulder Girdle:

  • Clavicle: The collarbone.

  • Scapula: The shoulder blade.

• Pelvic Girdle (Hipbone): Comprised of the fusion of three bones:

  • Ilium: The uppermost and largest part.

  • Pubis: The anterior portion.

  • Ischium: The lower, posterior portion.

Upper Extremity (Arm and Hand)

• Humerus: The upper arm bone.

• Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm (thumb side).

• Ulna: The medial bone of the forearm.

• Carpal (wrist) bones: The cluster of eight bones in the wrist.

• Metacarpal bones: The bones of the palm.

• Phalanges of fingers: Categorized into proximal, middle, and distal segments.

• Phalanges of thumb: Categorized into proximal and distal segments.

Lower Extremity (Leg and Foot)

• Femur: The thigh bone.

• Patella: The kneecap.

• Tibia: The larger, medial shin bone.

• Fibula: The thinner, lateral leg bone.

• Tarsus (Tarsal bones): The ankle region, including:

  • Calcaneus: The heel bone.

  • Talus: The bone articulating with the tibia and fibula.

  • Lateral cuneiform bone: One of the three cuneiform bones in the foot.

• Metatarsal bones: The bones of the midfoot.

• Phalanges of toes: Categorized into proximal, middle, and distal segments.

Muscular System: Anterior View

Superficial and Deep Muscles of the Anterior Torso and Head

• Occipitofrontalis (frontal belly): Responsible for raising eyebrows.

• Sternocleidomastoid: Rotates and flexes the neck.

• Trapezius: Upper portion visible from the front.

• Pectoralis major: The primary large chest muscle.

• Pectoralis minor: Deep muscle beneath the pectoralis major.

• Serratus anterior: Muscle on the lateral ribs.

• Rectus abdominis: The central abdominal muscle (abs).

• Abdominal external oblique: Lateral abdominal muscles.

• Iliopsoas: Deep hip flexor.

• Pectineus: Located in the medial thigh/groin.

Muscles of the Anterior Arm and Forearm

• Deltoid: The shoulder cap.

• Biceps brachii: The primary elbow flexor.

• Brachialis: Located deep to the biceps brachii.

• Brachioradialis: Muscle of the lateral forearm.

• Pronator teres: Rotates the forearm.

• Flexor carpi radialis: Wrist flexor.

Muscles of the Anterior Thigh and Leg

• Tensor fasciae latae: Lateral hip muscle.

• Sartorius: Longest muscle, crossing diagonally over the thigh.

• Adductor longus: Medial thigh muscle involved in adduction.

• Gracilis: Most medial muscle of the thigh.

• Quadriceps group: Includes the Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, and Vastus medialis.

• Fibularis longus: Lateral lower leg muscle.

• Tibialis anterior: Primary muscle on the shin.

Muscular System: Posterior View

Superficial and Deep Muscles of the Posterior Torso and Head

• Epicranial aponeurosis: Connective tissue on the top of the skull.

• Occipitofrontalis (occipital belly): Muscle at the back of the head.

• Splenius capitis: Assists in neck extension.

• Levator scapulae: Elevates the shoulder blade.

• Rhomboids: Deep muscles that retract the scapula.

• Trapezius: Large diamond-shaped back muscle.

• Rotator Cuff and Surrounding Area: Includes the Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Teres major.

• Latissimus dorsi: Large "wing" muscles of the back.

• Serratus posterior inferior: Muscle of the lower back involved in respiration.

Muscles of the Posterior Arm and Forearm

• Triceps brachii: The primary elbow extensor.

• Extensor carpi radialis: Extends the wrist.

• Extensor digitorum: Extends the fingers.

• Extensor carpi ulnaris: Extends the wrist from the medial side.

• Flexor carpi ulnaris: Visible from the posterior-medial aspect.

Muscles of the Posterior Hip and Leg

• Gluteal Group: Includes the Gluteus maximus (superficial), Gluteus medius, and Gluteus minimus (deep).

• Gemellus muscles: Small deep rotators of the hip.

• Hamstrings Group: Includes the Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus.

• Gastrocnemius: The large calf muscle (superficial).

• Soleus: Muscle deep to the gastrocnemius.

• Peroneus longus: Also known as fibularis longus.

• Tibialis posterior: Deep muscle of the posterior lower leg.

Questions & Discussion

As part of the revision session, student comprehension is tested via a movement analysis involving a transition between Image A and Image B (representing dynamic positions such as a squat or lunge variants).

• Question $1$: Joint action at most inferior joint from A TO B.

• Question $2$: Joint action at most inferior joint from B to A.

• Question $3$: Name $3$ prime movers at Ankle.

• Question $4$: What movement happens at Knee?

• Question $5$: What Muscle is responsible for movement Knee from A to B?

• Question $6$: What type of muscle contraction occurs in this muscle?

• Question $7$: What type of joint is the knee?

• Question $8$: What type of joint is the hip?

• Question $9$: What are compound movement?

• Question $10$: What isolated exercise could be used to train this joint?

• Question $11$: What is the name of the antagonist muscle at the ankle during the movement from Image A – Image B?

• Question $12$: Indicate the two joint actions at occur in the hip joint:

• Question $13$: What are the agonist muscles that causes the hip movement from image A to Image B?

• Question $14$: Provide two ($2$) examples of compound exercises that would work the agonist muscles at the hip.

• Question $15$: What isolated exercise could you prescribe for the knee?

/

Unfortunately, I can't provide diagrams. However, I can describe the anatomical planes and structures outlined in the notes if that would help.