Cells and Systems Review

Science 8 - Cells & Systems 22 - Test Review

Your test will be on THURSDAY APRIL 27th, 2023 Left Image - High Power Right Image - Medium Power

Formula to find FOV Field Number / Magnification = FOV Field Number = 18mm

Formula to find diameter FOV / # of objects

Microscopes List the power and magnification for each option on a microscope 4x - Low 10x - Medium 40x - High Find the diameter of a singular cell for each of the specimens to the right rounded to 2 decimal places 1.8 / 11 = 0.16 List all rules for drawing biological diagrams Drawing with a pencil only Using a ruler Use of color (optional) Neat Use of labels Characteristics of Life List the 6 characteristics of life with an example and description (in your own words) for each Reacts to stimuli: Reacting to its environment or space. An example would be a sunflower moving to the direction of the sun to get more sunlight. Reproduction: A living thing can reproduce asexually or sexually. An example would be a human having sexual intercourse and having a baby. Growth: It’s when an organism undergoes a process of growth, doesn’t necessarily mean for it to get bigger. An example would be a human having their cells go into constant change. Maintains Homeostasis: An internal balance inside the organism that adapts to external changes. An example would be a human trying to balance being sick while also trying to do their tasks. Made of Complex system of Cells: Organism should have complex cell systems that each carry out functions for life. An example would be a human has complex cell systems to have functions for everyday tasks. List the structure and function for the following: Television, Coaster, Chair, Table Television Structure: Rectangle shape, flat and smooth Function: To display video on a screen. Coaster Structure: A flat surface that’s circular or square, smooth and woody Function: To stop ruining tabletops from hot drinks Table Structure: Any shape but mostly rectangular. The legs of the table are usually square or circular. Smooth and hard. Hierarchy of Living Things List the hierarchy of life in order from smallest to largest and include an example for each The whole world: Earth Exosystem: Country Communities and population: United States population Organism: Human Organ System: Respiratory System Organs: Lungs Tissues: Alveoli Cells: Nucleus and Cytoplasm Organelles Label each organelle in the following diagrams

List the structure/function for each organelle Nucleus Function: Controls cell activities Structure: Large sphere that contains DNA. Nucleolus Function: Makes ribosomes Structure: Inside nucleus Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Function: Storage and production of fats. Structure: Folded membrane near the nucleus. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function: Involved in making protein. Structure: Folded membrane near the nucleus which has ribosomes. Ribosome Function: Makes protein. Structure: Some of the ribosomes are attached to the RER. Some float in the cytoplasm and are tiny. Made of proteins and RNA. (RER = Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) (RNA = Ribonucleic acid) Golgi Body Function: Packaging and transporting fat and proteins. Structure: Folded membrane. Vacuole Function: Plant: Balances water Both: Digestion and waste Structure: One large plant, many smaller in animal cells. Cell Membrane Function: Provides shape and protection. Allows things to enter in and out of the cell. Structure: Double membrane surrounding the cell. Made of fats and proteins. Cell Wall Function: Provides shape, support, and protection. Structure: Rigid around cell. Chloroplast Function: Site of photosynthesis Structure: Contains chlorophyll and is green Mitochondria Function: Stores energy which is called a powerhouse. Site of respiration. Structure: Oval/Bean shaped. Cytoplasm Function: Metabolic activities. Structure: Jelly-like and surrounds organelles and fills the cell. Lysosome Function: Digests and removes dead cells. Structure: Small-ish and has digestive enzymes. Centrosomes/Centrioles Function: Part of cell division. Structure: Cylindrical gears. List the 6 differences between plant and animal cells Tonicity: Explain for each tonicity The concentration of solution in vs outside the cell The direction diffusion would take place (into or out of the cell) The direction osmosis would take (into or out of the cell) A diagram for each with arrows showing direction of osmosis and arrows showing direction of diffusion Organs/Organ Systems: List the 5 organ systems, the organs involved, and the function for each that we discussed in class Digestive (Function: Breaks down food for energy/nutrients and gets rid of waste.) Large Intestine Small Intestine Rectum/Anus Mouth Esophagus Nervous (Function: Controls body functions.) Brain Nerves Spinal Cord Urinary System (Function: Removes waste and toxins from blood.) Kidney Bladder Urethra Circulatory System (Function: Pumps blood to our body to give cells oxygen and nutrients.) Arteries Heart Veins Respiratory System (Function: Breaths exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.) Trachea Nose Mouth Lungs List all body disorders discussed in class and include the organs and organ systems involved, what it is, and treatments

Disorder Affected Organ(s) Affected Organ System(s) Explanation Symptoms Treatment Tourette Syndrom Brain Nervous Syndrome Affects the nervous system and makes ticks and movements that can’t be controlled. Ticking Movement or sounds Uncontrollable eye rolling Behavioral Therapy

No cures or full treatments Down Syndrome Heart Gut Eyes Thyroid Gland Brain Spine Circulatory System Nervous System Auditory System Born with an extra piece of Chromosomes. Normal people would have 46 chromosomes but people with down syndrome have 47 chromosomes. Smaller Nose Mouth Flat round face Slightly bent pinky finger Short stocky build There’s no treatment by doing these things physically. Kidney Cancer Kidney but can be spread through lungs, bones, liver, brain. Urinary system Respiratory System Cancer that can be affected in the tube in the kidney. Blood when peeing Weight loss Amenia Long lasting back pain Cryotherapy Surgery Epilepsy Brain Nervous System Nervous system disorder that causes heart attacks. Stiff muscles Loss of consciousness Daydreaming Antiepileptic Medicaution Parkinson’s Disease Bussai ganglia of Brain Nervous System Neurological disease that develops after 60 years of age from genes. Muscle stiffness Tremors in head Difficulties in swallowing, chewing, and speaking No cure but medications like levodopa could reduce the symptoms. Patellar Subluxations Elbow Knee Musculoskeletal System Dislocated knee cap that’s very painful. Pain in the knee Rest Ice Compression Elevate Cardiomyopathy Heart Brain Lungs Digestive System Circulatory System Affected heart structure. Decreased oxygen Fatigue Chest pain Medication ICDS Surgery Arthritis Heart Skin Eyes Musculoskeletal system Circulatory System Is a chronic disease that causes pain in the joints. Pain in joints Stiffness Swelling Pain relievers Joint immobilization Asthma Lungs Trachea Respiratory System Asthma is a condition that affects the lungs in the long term and blocks the airway. Allergies Difficulty Breathing Sleeping problems No cure but there are treatments

Inhaler Injections Surgery Heart Attack Heart Brain Heart Valves Circulatory System Nervous System A heart attack is the buildup of plaque near the arteries. Fatigue Chest pain Exercise Quit smoking Eat a good diet

Viruses and Vaccines: Explain how vaccines work using the following terms: virus, antigen, antibody