Cells and Systems Review

Science 8 - Cells & Systems
22 - Test Review

Your test will be on THURSDAY APRIL 27th, 2023
Left Image - High Power
Right Image - Medium Power

Formula to find FOV
Field Number / Magnification = FOV
Field Number = 18mm

Formula to find diameter
FOV / # of objects

Microscopes
List the power and magnification for each option on a microscope
4x - Low
10x - Medium
40x - High
Find the diameter of a singular cell for each of the specimens to the right rounded to 2 decimal places
1.8 / 11 = 0.16
List all rules for drawing biological diagrams
Drawing with a pencil only
Using a ruler
Use of color (optional)
Neat
Use of labels
Characteristics of Life
List the 6 characteristics of life with an example and description (in your own words) for each
Reacts to stimuli: Reacting to its environment or space. An example would be a sunflower moving to the direction of the sun to get more sunlight.
Reproduction: A living thing can reproduce asexually or sexually. An example would be a human having sexual intercourse and having a baby.
Growth: It’s when an organism undergoes a process of growth, doesn’t necessarily mean for it to get bigger. An example would be a human having their cells go into constant change.
Maintains Homeostasis: An internal balance inside the organism that adapts to external changes. An example would be a human trying to balance being sick while also trying to do their tasks.
Made of Complex system of Cells: Organism should have complex cell systems that each carry out functions for life. An example would be a human has complex cell systems to have functions for everyday tasks.
List the structure and function for the following: Television, Coaster, Chair, Table
Television
Structure: Rectangle shape, flat and smooth
Function: To display video on a screen.
Coaster
Structure: A flat surface that’s circular or square, smooth and woody
Function: To stop ruining tabletops from hot drinks
Table
Structure: Any shape but mostly rectangular. The legs of the table are usually square or circular. Smooth and hard.
Hierarchy of Living Things
List the hierarchy of life in order from smallest to largest and include an example for each
The whole world: Earth
Exosystem: Country
Communities and population: United States population
Organism: Human
Organ System: Respiratory System
Organs: Lungs
Tissues: Alveoli
Cells: Nucleus and Cytoplasm
Organelles
Label each organelle in the following diagrams

List the structure/function for each organelle
Nucleus
Function: Controls cell activities
Structure: Large sphere that contains DNA.
Nucleolus
Function: Makes ribosomes
Structure: Inside nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function: Storage and production of fats.
Structure: Folded membrane near the nucleus.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function: Involved in making protein.
Structure: Folded membrane near the nucleus which has ribosomes.
Ribosome
Function: Makes protein.
Structure: Some of the ribosomes are attached to the RER. Some float in the cytoplasm and are tiny. Made of proteins and RNA. (RER = Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) (RNA = Ribonucleic acid)
Golgi Body
Function: Packaging and transporting fat and proteins.
Structure: Folded membrane.
Vacuole
Function:
Plant: Balances water
Both: Digestion and waste
Structure: One large plant, many smaller in animal cells.
Cell Membrane
Function: Provides shape and protection. Allows things to enter in and out of the cell.
Structure: Double membrane surrounding the cell. Made of fats and proteins.
Cell Wall
Function: Provides shape, support, and protection.
Structure: Rigid around cell.
Chloroplast
Function: Site of photosynthesis
Structure: Contains chlorophyll and is green
Mitochondria
Function: Stores energy which is called a powerhouse. Site of respiration.
Structure: Oval/Bean shaped.
Cytoplasm
Function: Metabolic activities.
Structure: Jelly-like and surrounds organelles and fills the cell.
Lysosome
Function: Digests and removes dead cells.
Structure: Small-ish and has digestive enzymes.
Centrosomes/Centrioles
Function: Part of cell division.
Structure: Cylindrical gears.
List the 6 differences between plant and animal cells
Tonicity:
Explain for each tonicity
The concentration of solution in vs outside the cell
The direction diffusion would take place (into or out of the cell)
The direction osmosis would take (into or out of the cell)
A diagram for each with arrows showing direction of osmosis and arrows showing direction of diffusion
Organs/Organ Systems:
List the 5 organ systems, the organs involved, and the function for each that we discussed in class
Digestive (Function: Breaks down food for energy/nutrients and gets rid of waste.)
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Rectum/Anus
Mouth
Esophagus
Nervous (Function: Controls body functions.)
Brain
Nerves
Spinal Cord
Urinary System (Function: Removes waste and toxins from blood.)
Kidney
Bladder
Urethra
Circulatory System (Function: Pumps blood to our body to give cells oxygen and nutrients.)
Arteries
Heart
Veins
Respiratory System (Function: Breaths exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.)
Trachea
Nose
Mouth
Lungs
List all body disorders discussed in class and include the organs and organ systems involved, what it is, and treatments

Disorder
Affected Organ(s)
Affected Organ System(s)
Explanation
Symptoms
Treatment
Tourette Syndrom
Brain
Nervous Syndrome
Affects the nervous system and makes ticks and movements that can’t be controlled.
Ticking
Movement or sounds
Uncontrollable eye rolling
Behavioral Therapy

No cures or full treatments
Down Syndrome
Heart
Gut
Eyes
Thyroid Gland
Brain
Spine
Circulatory System
Nervous System
Auditory System
Born with an extra piece of Chromosomes. Normal people would have 46 chromosomes but people with down syndrome have 47 chromosomes.
Smaller Nose
Mouth
Flat round face
Slightly bent pinky finger
Short stocky build
There’s no treatment by doing these things physically.
Kidney Cancer
Kidney but can be spread through lungs, bones, liver, brain.
Urinary system
Respiratory System
Cancer that can be affected in the tube in the kidney.
Blood when peeing
Weight loss
Amenia
Long lasting back pain
Cryotherapy
Surgery
Epilepsy
Brain
Nervous System
Nervous system disorder that causes heart attacks.
Stiff muscles
Loss of consciousness
Daydreaming
Antiepileptic
Medicaution
Parkinson’s Disease
Bussai ganglia of Brain
Nervous System
Neurological disease that develops after 60 years of age from genes.
Muscle stiffness
Tremors in head
Difficulties in swallowing, chewing, and speaking
No cure but medications like levodopa could reduce the symptoms.
Patellar Subluxations
Elbow
Knee
Musculoskeletal System
Dislocated knee cap that’s very painful.
Pain in the knee
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate
Cardiomyopathy
Heart
Brain
Lungs
Digestive System
Circulatory System
Affected heart structure.
Decreased oxygen
Fatigue
Chest pain
Medication
ICDS
Surgery
Arthritis
Heart
Skin
Eyes
Musculoskeletal system
Circulatory System
Is a chronic disease that causes pain in the joints.
Pain in joints
Stiffness
Swelling
Pain relievers
Joint immobilization
Asthma
Lungs
Trachea
Respiratory System
Asthma is a condition that affects the lungs in the long term and blocks the airway.
Allergies
Difficulty Breathing
Sleeping problems
No cure but there are treatments

Inhaler
Injections
Surgery
Heart Attack
Heart
Brain
Heart Valves
Circulatory System
Nervous System
A heart attack is the buildup of plaque near the arteries.
Fatigue
Chest pain
Exercise
Quit smoking
Eat a good diet

Viruses and Vaccines:
Explain how vaccines work using the following terms: virus, antigen, antibody