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The era marked by the United States entering the age of imperialism coincides with a global trend of imperialism.
Known as the "scramble for Africa," this period saw European nations dividing the African continent for colonization.
Other countries were involved in imperial efforts in Asia and China as well.
The United States aimed to join this trend of nation-states establishing global empires.

Prior to the age of imperialism, U.S. foreign policy was largely nonexistent.
Following the American Revolution, a policy of isolationism was predominant, largely influenced by George Washington.

In his farewell address, Washington advised against entangling alliances and foreign conflicts, emphasizing:
- The significance of avoiding European issues that did not concern the U.S.
- The geographical advantages of the U.S. being separated by oceans, which acted as barriers to foreign conflict.

The U.S. focused primarily on foreign commerce without substantial involvement in global affairs.
There was no large standing army and only minimal international engagement.

Definition: The Monroe Doctrine is considered the cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy, articulated by President James Monroe and crafted by John Quincy Adams.
Provisions:
- The U.S. would remain uninvolved in European conflicts (Eastern World), while asserting that European powers should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
- The U.S. would view any European attempts to colonize or reconquer territories in the Western Hemisphere, such as Mexico, as hostile acts against the U.S.
The Monroe Doctrine encapsulated the isolationalist stance, advocating both non-involvement and protectionism within the Americas.

Although not an entirely new concept for the U.S., the notion of expansion evolved from westward movement across the continent to global imperialism.

Definition: Manifest Destiny is the belief that Americans were divinely destined to expand across North America and potentially beyond.
The belief included an ambition to extend U.S. control over the entire Western Hemisphere.
This doctrine of expansion influenced U.S. actions and attitudes toward foreign territories.

Era of Imperialism: Similar aspirations among nation-states underpinned the push for imperialism.
Economic Incentives: Control of colonies allows for extraction of natural resources and new markets for U.S. goods.
- Example: The annexation of Hawaii for sugar and fruit, facilitating U.S. economic interests.
Demonstration of Power: Nations pursued colonies to exhibit power and prestige on the global stage.
- Example: Belgium's vast colonial holdings in the Congo relative to its size as a nation.
Military Considerations: Establishment of naval bases and strategic locations strengthened military presence and logistical capabilities in potential conflicts.
Social Darwinism: The notion of "survival of the fittest" was utilized to justify the domination of perceived inferior races and civilizations.
White Man's Burden: A paternalistic view among Americans and Europeans that it was their duty to bring civilization and governance to "less developed" nations.
- Referenced through Kipling's poem involving U.S. governance of the Philippines.
Technological Advancements: Innovations during the Gilded Age spurred expansion interests and capabilities.

Alfred Thayer Mahan: Emphasized the significance of naval power for imperialism in "The Influence of Sea Power upon History". Advocated for a larger U.S. navy and the construction of the Panama Canal.
Yellow Journalism: Sensationalist media stirred public interest and support for imperial endeavors.
Josiah Strong: Advocated for spreading Anglo-Saxon principles and democracy to other nations in his book "Our Country".
Political Leaders:
  - Senator Albert Beveridge: Asserted that the U.S. is a superior race with a divine mandate to spread its influence.
  - Theodore Roosevelt: Promoted imperialism fervently, desiring an expansion of American power.
  - James G. Blaine: Encouraged American leadership in Latin America, reflecting the imperial ambitions of the era.

The late 19th century marked a significant shift in American foreign policy as it transitioned from isolationism to an active role in global imperialism. This change was driven by a variety of economic, military, and ideological factors, culminating in a new chapter of American history.