NON-MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

• Cell membrane

• Cell wall

• Ribosomes

• Cytoplasm

• Cytoskeleton

• Centriole and Spindle Fibers

• Flagella and Cilia

CELL MEMBRANE VS. CELL WALL

• Cell Membrane

  • Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the entire cell

  • Regulates what’s coming in/out of the cell

  • Protects cell interior from the extracellular space

• Cell Wall

  • Rigid structure made of complex carbohydrates

    • Only in plants, fungi, some bacteria

  • Provides structure to cells

  • Also acts as a “permeability barrier” for some substances to the internal environment

RIBOSOMES

• Found in ALL living organisms

• Composed of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

• Ribosomes “read” messenger RNA (mRNA) to synthesize proteins

• Can be found:

  • Attached to rough ER

  • Free-floating in the cytoplasm

CYTOPLASM

• Liquid made of water, salt, and other dissolved nutrients in the cell

• Helps both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells maintain cell shape

  • AKA for ALL cells

• Site of many metabolic chemical reactions bc it is water-based

CYTOSKELETON

• Helps maintain the shape of animal cells

  • AKA only for EUKARYOTIC cells

• Parts of it help vesicles get transported around the cell

• 3 parts:

  • Actin

  • Microtubules

  • Actin Filaments

CENTRIOLE & SPINDLE FIBERS

• Centrioles make Spindle Fibers during mitosis and meiosis (CELL DIVISION)

• Spindle fibers help pull chromosomes apart during mitosis and meiosis

FLAGELLA & CILIA

• Both help move cells around

• FLAGELLA are longer and move like a propeller

• CILIA are much shorter and move in a back-and-forth beating motion

MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

• Nucleus

• Nucleolus

• Smooth ER

• Rough ER

• Golgi Apparatus

• Lysosome

• Peroxisome

• Vacuole

• Mitochondrion

• Chloroplast

NUCLEUS & NUCLEOLUS

• Nucleus

  • Surrounded by a double membrane that houses and protects DNA from denaturation

  • Site of transcription

    • Process in which DNA is transcribed into RNA

• Nucleolus

  • Site of ribosome synthesis in the cell

  • Responsible for synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

SMOOTH & ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• Smooth ER

  • Lipid/hormone synthesis

  • Detoxification of waste cells

  • Sends synthesized lipid polymers and hormones to the Golgi

• Rough ER

  • Highly folded organelle

  • Contiguous w/ the nucleus

  • Ribosomes attached

  • Packages proteins and send them to the Golgi

GOLGI APPARATUS

• Helps fold and modify proteins

• Packages proteins/lipids into vesicles

• Like a post office for the cell

• Sends these vesicles to their intended intra (inside) or extra (outside) cellular destination

PEROXISOMES & LYSOSOMES

• Peroxisomes

  • Lipid hydrolysis

  • Uses catalase (an enzyme) to breakdown hydrogen peroxide (toxic to the cell)

  • Lipids are broken down into fatty acid monomers which are sent to the mitochondrion to help generate ATP

• Lysosomes

  • Lipid bubble full of hydrolytic enzymes that break down cell waste and denatured proteins into their monomers

  • Involved in apoptosis

    • Programmed cell death

• BOTH contain enzymes to break things down

VACUOLE

• Long term storage chamber

• Stores and releases fluids/biomolecules

  • Think similar to banana lab amyloplasts

  • Also store cellular waste products until they can be broken

• IN PLANTS

  • very very large

  • help maintain plant cell shape/turgor pressure

    • Storage of water

• IN ANIMALS

  • Usually very small

MITOCHONDRION

• 2 membranes

  • Allows for compartmentalization of different chemical reactions

    • Outer membrane: smooth, not folded

    • Inner membrane: folded = increased surface area = faster/more ATP production

• Responsible for some of the processes that synthesize ATP

• In both plant and animal cells (EVERY CELL)

  • Kreb

CHLOROPLAST

• Double membrane

• Compartmentalization

• Make:

  • “Food”

  • Monosaccharides (glucose)