World Geography Summer Final Exam Review
Introduction to Fundamental Geography
Worldview: The fundamental congnative lens through wich inclividual experiences or inclividual interpret the world.
Terrorism: The use of violence to intimadaten goverments in achieve political goals.
Lone Wolf Terrorism: One person acting as a terrorist to achieve political goals.
Terrorist Organization Sponsored: Terrorism carried out by members of a group.
Political Geography: The study of systems, borders, goverments, and power.
Human Geography: The study of how people, cultures, and populations interact.
Cultural / Religious Geography: The study of where cultures and religons are discluted across the world.
Economic Geography: How natural resources, production, trade, and use of resources are distrucluted across the world.
North America Review: Political and Economic Systems
Democracy: A system where the people hold power.
President: An elected head of state who runs the executive branch of a republic.
Parliament: An elected legislative body that creates a country's laws.
Prime Minister: The head of goverment in a parlimenty system.
Monarchy: A goverment rulled by a king or queen.
Autonomy: A groups right to self-govern in certain matters.
Republic: A goverment where citizens elect repersentavison.
US Resources by Region: Focus on Agriculture & Industry, specifically how natural resources, farming, and manufacture are distributed.
Land Reform: Redistuing land ownership, often moving from large landowners to small or landless farmers.
Hacienda vs. Ejido System:
Hacienda: A large privately owned estate.
Ejido: Communal land granted by the government.
Tariff: A tax goverment places on imported or exported goods.
Universal Healthcare: A system where goverment guernteens all citizens access to medical care.
Agribusiness: Large-scale inclusticized farming and the companies involved in producing and distuting food.
Truck Farms: Small farms that grow produce specifically to sell at nearby local markets.
Maquiladoras: Factories that are U.S. owned but are at the mexican border.
Outsource: Hiring an outside company or country to do work or make goods to cut costs.
Cost of Living: A regions amount of money needed to cover basic needs.
Standard of Living: The level of wealth, comfort, and material goods available.
Drug Trade: Illegal production and distribution of drugs.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Total value of goods and services produced in a country.
GDP Per Capita: Mesuering average economic output per person.
History Timelines: Key historical figures and civilizations include the Maya, Aztecs, and Cortez.
Bilingual: The ability to speak 2 languages.
Cultural and Economic Geography of Central and South America
Machu Picchu: An ancient Incan citadel high in the Peruvian Andes.
Easter Island: A remote Chilean island known for its giant stone Moai statues.
Cristo Redentor: A massive statue of Jesus Christ located in Rio de Janeiro.
Sugarloaf Mountain: A granite peak located in Rio de Janeiro.
Galapagos Island: An Ecuadorian island chain.
Nazca Lines: Huge ancient geoglyphs etched into the desert surface.
Triangular Trade / Middle Passage: Historical trade route involving slaves and spices.
Mestizo: A person of mixed European and indigenous descent.
Mulatto: A person of mixed European and African descent.
Inca: A powerful pre-Columbian civilization in South America.
Francisco Pizarro: The Spanish explorer who conquered the Incan empire.
Majority Cultural Makeup: Refers to the dominant ethnic group in a region.
New World Catholicism: A form of Catholicism brought by European colonizers that became the dominant religion.
Rastafarianism: A Jamaican religion.
Voodoo: A religion blending African traditions with Catholicism.
Santeria: A syncretic Afro-Caribbean religion.
Native Mayan: Descendants of the ancient Mayan civilization.
Deforestation: Large-scale clearing of forests.
OPEC: An organization of major oil exporting countries.
Nationalized vs. Privatized:
Nationalized: Owned by the government.
Privatized: Owned by private individuals or companies.
Europe Review: Physical, Political, and Historical Context
Natural Boundary: A river or mountain range that acts like a border.
European Union (EU): A political group of nations that cooperate on trade, law, and policy.
Member Nation: A country that belongs to the EU.
EU National: A citizen of a country that is part of the EU.
Eurozone: The group of EU countries that use the Euro as their currency.
Mixed Economy: An economy combining elements of capitalism and government intervention.
Diversified Economy: An economy that relies on multiple industries.
Capitalism: An economic system where private individuals and companies own property, etc., for profit.
Socialism: An economic system where government owns things to ensure equality.
Examples of Socialism in Europe: Sweden, Norway, Denmark.
Race to Berlin: Competition of Allied forces and USSR to reach Berlin during WWII.
Iron Curtain: A political and military barrier that divided Soviet Eastern Europe from the West.
Satellite States: Countries under the political control of the Soviet Union.
Berlin Wall: A wall that divided East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989.
Treaty of Versailles: The 1919 peace agreement that ended WWI.
Appeasement: Giving something to someone to fix a problem or avoid conflict.
Legacy of Communism: The lasting effects of communism on modern European nations.
European Art History:
Guernica: Painted by Pablo Picasso.
Starry Night: Painted by Vincent van Gogh.
Mona Lisa: Painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
East Asia Review: Religion and Geopolitics
Hinduism: A major religion originating in India with many gods and a belief in reincarnation.
Reincarnation: The belief that after death, you enter into a new body.
Dharma: A person's religious and/or moral duty in life.
Karma: The belief that actions affect a person's fate.
Caste System: A strict social class system in Hinduism.
Buddhism: A path that teaches how to end suffering through meditation.
Nirvana: The ultimate goal in Buddhism.
4 Noble Truths: The core teachings of Buddhism.
Sikhism: A monotheistic religion originating in the Punjab region of India.
Shintoism: The native religion of Japan that honors family and spirits.
Kami: Spirits or gods worshiped in Shintoism.
Confucianism: A philosophy/religion that emphasizes respect for family and elders.
China - Censorship: The government's restriction of information.
Traditional Communism to Modern Communism: Traditional communism involves government ownership of everything; modern communism includes elements of a free market but maintains a very controlling government.
Hong Kong: Historical relationship with China is currently described as "not good."
Koreas (North & South): Contrasting government and economy types; North Korea is heavily controlled while South Korea is more open.
The Middle East Review: Religion and Law
Monotheism: The belief in one God.
Historical Order of Religions: The order in which monotheistic faiths emerged (Judaism, then Christianity, then Islam).
Judaism: Centered on a covenant between God and the Jewish people.
Christianity: Centered on the belief that Jesus is God's son.
Islam: Centered on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad.
5 Pillars of Islam: The five core obligations of the faith, including the Hajj.
Ramadan: The holy month of fasting and worship in Islam.
Sunni vs. Shi'a Islam: The two main branches of Islam.
Women's Rights in Iran: Enforced by the Morality Police, a group that enforces religious laws regarding women.
Sharia Law: Religious law derived from the Quran.
Geographic Locations for Mapping Practice
European Countries: United Kingdom, France, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium.
East and South Asian Countries: India, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam, North Korea, South Korea, Myanmar, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, Malaysia, China, Mongolia, Sri Lanka.
Middle East Countries: Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Cyprus, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, UAE, Oman, Yemen, Afghanistan, Iraq, Qatar, Iran, Israel.
North African Countries: Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Western Sahara, Eritrea, South Sudan.
Central and East African Countries: Somalia, Kenya, Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Djibouti.
South African Countries: Angola, Namibia, Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi, South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini, Mozambique, Madagascar.